What Percentage of the Human Brain Is Used

You may have heard that humans only use 10 percent of their brain power, and that if you could unlock the rest of your brainpower, you could do so much more. You could become a super genius, or acquire psychic powers like mind reading and telekinesis. However, there is a powerful body of evidence debunking the 10 percent myth. Scientists have consistently shown that humans use their entire brain throughout each day. Despite the evidence, the 10 percent myth has inspired many references in the cultural imagination. Films like Limitless and Lucy depict protagonists who develop godlike powers thanks to drugs that unleash the previously inaccessible 90 percent of the brain. A 2013 study showed that about 65 percent of Americans believe the trope, and a 1998 study showed that a full third of psychology majors, who focus on the workings of the brain, fell for it. Neuropsychology Neuropsychology studies how the anatomy of the brain affects someone’s behavior, emotion, and cognition. Over the years, brain scientists have shown that different parts of the brain are responsible for specific functions, whether it’s recognizing colors or problem solving. Contrary to the 10 percent myth, scientists have proven that every part of the brain is integral for our daily functioning, thanks to brain imaging techniques like positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Research has yet to find a brain area that is completely inactive. Even studies that measure activity at the level of single neurons have not revealed any inactive areas of the brain.  Many brain imaging studies that measure brain activity when a person is doing a specific task show how different parts of the brain work together. For example, while you are reading this text on your smartphone, some parts of your brain, including those responsible for vision, reading comprehension, and holding your phone, will be more active. However, some brain images unintentionally support the 10 percent myth,  because they often show small bright splotches on an otherwise gray brain. This may imply that only the bright spots have brain activity, but that isn’t the case. Rather, colored splotches represent brain areas that are more active when someone’s doing a task compared to when they’re not. The gray spots are still active, just to a lesser degree. A more direct counter to the 10 percent myth lies in individuals who have suffered brain damage–through a stroke, head trauma, or carbon monoxide poisoning–and what they can no longer do as a result of that damage, or can still do just as well. If the 10 percent myth were true, damage to perhaps 90 percent of the brain wouldn’t affect daily functioning. Yet studies show that damaging even a very small part of the brain may have devastating consequences. For example, damage to Broca’s area hinders proper formation of words and fluent speech, though general language comprehension remains intact. In one highly publicized case, a Florida woman permanently lost her â€Å"capacity for thoughts, perceptions, memories, and emotions that are the very essence of being human† when a lack of oxygen destroyed half of her cerebrum, which makes up about 85 percent of the brain. Evolutionary Arguments Another line of evidence against the 10 percent myth comes from evolution. The adult brain only constitutes 2 percent of body mass, yet it consumes over 20 percent of the body’s energy. In comparison, the adult brains of many vertebrate species–including some fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals–consume 2 to 8 percent of their body’s energy. The brain has been shaped by millions of years of natural selection, which passes down favorable traits to increase likelihood of survival. It is unlikely that the body would dedicate so much of its energy to keep an entire brain functioning if it only uses 10 percent of the brain. The Origin of the Myth The main allure of the 10 percent myth is the idea that you could do so much more if only you could unlock the rest of your brain. Even with ample evidence suggesting the contrary, why do many people still believe that humans only use 10 percent of their brains? It’s unclear how the myth spread in the first place, but it has been popularized by self-help books, and may even also be grounded in older, flawed, neuroscience studies. The myth could be aligned with messages espoused by self-improvement books, which show you ways to do better and live up to your potential.  For example, the preface to the notorious How to Win Friends and Influence People says that the average person â€Å"develops only 10 percent of his latent mental ability.† This statement, which is traced back to psychologist William James, refers to a person’s potential to achieve more rather than how much brain matter they used. Others have even said that Einstein explained his brilliance using the 10 percent myth, though these claims remain unfounded. Another possible source of the myth lies in â€Å"silent† brain areas from older neuroscience research. In the 1930s, for instance, neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield hooked electrodes to the exposed brains of his epilepsy patients while operating on them. He noticed that particular brain areas triggered the experience various sensations, but while others seemed to cause no reaction. Still, as technology evolved, researchers found that these â€Å"silent† brain areas, which included the prefrontal lobes, had major functions after all. Resources and Further Reading Beyerstein, B.L. â€Å"Whence Cometh the Myth That We Only Use 10% of Our Brains?† Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions about the Mind and Brain, edited by Sergio Della Sala, Wiley, 1999, pp. 3-24.Broadfoot, Marla Vacek. â€Å"How Do Brain Scans Work?† Raleigh News Observer, 27 Jan. 2013.â€Å"Exploding the 10 Percent Myth.† Science Consciousness Review.Higbee, Kenneth L., and Samuel L. Clay. â€Å"College Students Beliefs in the Ten-Percent Myth.† The Journal of Psychology, vol. 132, no. 5, 1998, pp. 469-476.Jarrett, Christian. Great Myths of the Brain. Wiley Blackwell, 2014.McDougle, Sam. â€Å"You Already Use Way, Way More Than 10 Percent of Your Brain.† The Atlantic, 7 Aug. 2014.Mink, J. W., et al. â€Å"Ratio of Central Nervous System to Body Metabolism in Vertebrates: Its Constancy and Functional Basis.† American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol. 241, no. 3, 1 Sept. 1981, pp. R203-R212 .â€Å"New Survey Finds Americans Care about Brain Health, but Misperceptions Abound.† The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinsons Research, 25 Sept. 2013.Tandon, Prakashnarain. â€Å"Not so ‘Silent’: The Human Prefrontal Cortex.† Neurology India, vol. 61, no. 6, 2013, pp. 578-580.Vreeman, Rachel C, and Aaron E Carroll. â€Å"Medical Myths.† BMJ, vol. 335, no. 7633, 20 Dec. 2007, pp. 1288-1289.Wanjek, Christopher. Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O. Wiley, 2003.

Robotic Surgery Technology And Equipment - 1335 Words

As human improves technology every day, he also progresses in medicine and surgical procedures. The most painful and invasive surgeries done centuries ago are now easily done due to improved technology and equipment. Without the help of the new technology provided in health care today, the most common procedures would have been incredibly difficult to not only perform, but also to recover from. Robotic surgery is an advanced technology with a serious mechanism that operates patients with the use of smallest technical instruments instead of traditional operation where a doctor directly performs the surgery. Surgical robots are designed with two arms that are used during the operation and while the surgeon monitors through a 3D camera. This†¦show more content†¦For certain cases where surgeons face technical difficulties, the facility should have the ability to convert to laparoscopy upon surgeon’s request. Such technical issues that impact patient safety would require the presence of engineers and technicians to troubleshoot the robotic surgeons during the surgery, however, the engineers’ guidelines are for the use of the machine during the surgery or to troubleshoot after an incident. A study done based on the adverse events data related to robotic systems and instruments used surgery and a report to MAUDE from January 2000 to December 2013 indicate that during the study period, 144 deaths (1.4% of the 10,624 reports), 1,391 patient injuries (13.1%), and 8,061 device malfunctions (75.9%) occurred. Device and instrument malfunctions, such as falling of burnt/broken pieces of instruments into the patient (14.7%), electrical arcing of instruments (10.5%), unintended operation of instruments (8.6%), system errors (5%), and video/imaging problems (2.6%), constituted a major part of the reports. In 1,104 (10.4%) of the events, the procedure was interrupted to restart the system (3.1%), to convert the procedure to non-robotic techniques (7.3%), or to reschedule it to a later time (2.5%) (Alemzadeh, Iyer, Kalbarczyk, Leveson, Raman, 2015). As the surgical and medical field continues to adopt advanced technological machines and equipment, safety based design technicsShow MoreRelatedPolitical Implications And Robotic Surgery1285 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The 21st century can rightfully be considered as the era of technology when the new inventions and discoveries will most likely affect all the segments of human life. At this point, some of the breakthrough inventions of our times have been in the medical field. Robotic surgery has become an almost common practice in the advanced medical world and new uses for robotic assisted surgery are everyday set in place. However, such developments also attract different interests and implications. ThereRead MoreTechnology And Medicine : Are Robotic Surgeons Better Than Human Surgeons?1714 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology and Medicine: Are Robotic Surgeons Better Than Human Surgeons? Today, robots are utilized to execute highly specific, precise, and dangerous tasks in industry and research previously not possible with a human work force. We depend on robots to build our cars, land our planes, and operate at a level of precision and accuracy with dedicated motions scalable in speed and force unreachable for human beings. Oxford Dictionaries define robots as â€Å"A machine capable of automatically carrying outRead MoreRobotic Surgery : Content And The Media1223 Words   |  5 Pages Robotic Surgery Content and the Media Introduction The controversy on the mind of the hero’s or celebrities of robotic surgery, are within the medical professional community. The surgeons, universities and hospitals are that discussing. as well as attempts to prove, with no avail, that the addition of a robot to minimally-invasive surgeries (minimally-invasive surgery is surgical techniques limit the size of incisions needed and thus lessens wound healing time, associated pain and riskRead MoreHow Technology Has Revolutionized The Dimension Of Healthcare1698 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology and information technology has revolutionized the dimension in which we view the medical world. 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Due to the technologicalRead MoreThe Uprising Of Robotic Surgery Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe Uprising of Robotic Surgery The newest surgical procedure As the years pass, technology is advancing rapidly in many different areas, particularly in medicine. Just 15 years ago, people did not have access to the medical technology available today. Patients are operated on differently and the medical field is continuously advancing to ensure the safest and fasted way to perform a surgery and decrease the recovery time that follows. In recent years, the use of robotics in surgery has grown extensivelyRead MoreImpact Of Social Media On Society1443 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology has always played a role in society. From politics, economics, and culture, it has shaped how the world into what we see today. Major advancements in military technology, healthcare, communication and production have led the way to unprecedented growth not only in the United States, but in emerging countries as well. However, with advancements, comes drawbacks; and some are massive. From social media, medicine, to communications, even to the atomic bomb; the advantag es are noticeable,Read MoreRobotic Surgery : The Medical Professional Community1501 Words   |  7 Pages The controversy on the mind of the hero’s or celebrities of robotic surgery, are within the medical professional community. The surgeons, universities and hospitals are that are discussing as well as attempt to prove with no avail, that the addition of a robot to minimally-invasive surgeries (minimally-invasive surgery is surgical techniques limit the size of incisions needed and thus lessens wound healing time, associated pain and risk of infection), has improved their performance and resultsRead MoreRobotic Surgery1167 Words   |  5 Pagesyou haven’t heard about it before: robotic surgery. Today, I would like to inform you about the definition and the types of robotic surgery, their advantages and their disadvantages. let us start by introducing robotic surgery. Defined by Allrefer.com:  « Robotic surgery is a technique in which a surgeon performs surgery using a computer that remotely controls very small instruments attached to a robot ». () In his article, What are the types of robotic surgery?, Mike selvon explains about the Read MoreOverview Of Robotic Surgery765 Words   |  3 PagesRobotic Surgery A laparoscopic approach appears to be associated with a reduction in surgical trauma and blood loss. In addition, it is presumable that some of the benefits of minimally invasive surgery such as reduced analgesic requirements, a shorter recovery period and reduced hospital stay (Kuhry, 2005). It has become a forerunner in the quest of improving surgical results by dropping postoperative pain and lessening recovery time. Yet, the use of laparoscopic instruments can be awkward and

Blue-Collar African American Life in Killer of Sheep by...

Every so often a film is made that makes a major impact on the culture of cinema. Charles Burnett with his film Killer of Sheep (2007) made that impact. The film was created by Burnett as his masters thesis from the UCLA film school in 1977, but was not formally released until 2007 (Burnett, Milestone Films). Even though it wasn’t released for almost thirty years, the film received international praise. Killer of Sheep brought to life a new image of African American cinema and created a powerful impression of life in the black ghetto. Burnett created a realistic image of African American blue-collar life in a non-traditional structure that changed African American cinema. Burnett set Killer of Sheep in the Watts neighborhood of Los†¦show more content†¦The film was shot on a very low budget of about Ten Thousand dollars (Burnett, Milestone Films). Everything was shot hands-on with life in Watts. This helped to contribute the neo-realism style of the film. The film mos tly deals with the life of Stan (Henry G. Sanders), a kind-hearted slaughterhouse worker who struggles to get anywhere in life. The film follows Stan as he goes through day-to-day life. There is no connection major story arch to scenes in the film. It is events as Stan tries to get ahead in life, but he never seems to get anywhere. This idea is solidified by the additional shots of children playing that find their place throughout the film. Killer of Sheep starts with a group of children playing war with dirt clots and hiding behind plywood scraps. These breaks to shots of children add to realism and complete image of poor African American life. The struggle isn’t just the adults, but also the children who make the best of their living situations. Burnett was able to capture African American life in a very real way that had not yet been seen in cinema. What Burnett captures about African American life in the black ghetto is feeling of running in place with no way out. Stan is never given a break. It creates the feeling of being trapped with no way out. Stan does many things throughout the film that take him nowhere. At one point in the film he attempts to take his family and friends to the horse races. On the way

Informatics Solution Proposal - 1456 Words

Informatics Solution Proposal (Part Three): Areas of Evaluation Nicole Thomason, Anna Davis-Walker, Jacqueline Rankin, Lynda Venezia, and Rhonda Freeman HCS/482 October 26, 2015 Kevin Hamon Informatics Solution Proposal (Part Three): Areas of Evaluation With the increase in admission to bed times seen in multiple healthcare facilities across the nation, a need to have better access to the available hospital beds is a necessity. We are in agreement that an electronic bed tracking system is a viable option to help decrease this time length, thus allowing for better continuation of patient care. As a team we have picked two different companies and decided on criteria that staff and management can agree upon. We have looked at the†¦show more content†¦Patient information is transferred directly from registration or scheduling system interface which eliminates the need for redundant data entry. This solution allow health care facilities and systems to provide services that will enable quality care delivery, enhance patient flow, and ensure hospital operations are delivering the results the hospital needs. TeleTracking is a full resource solution package that integrates with just about any other system solution. The bed tracking provides for a method to monitor the entire patient flow. With this solution we can now determine the appropriate actions required to reduce bottlenecks and manage staffing requirements throughout the day. The combination of patient and room indicators along with the bed board features further improve placement and throughput by enabling patients to be assigned to specific beds that match their clinical requirements before they arrive or before the beds are even available. Versustech software solution has many advantages over other patient flow software because it drives efficiency by reducing time spent searching for people and assets. It tracks where patients are and how long they have been waiting. The big part of the solution utilizes RFID badges that would be issued to patients and caregivers, this allowsShow MoreRelatedHigh Technology Solutions For Preventable Problems1619 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper will explore the focus of high-technology solutions to preventable problems the characteristics of the medical care culture that encourage the latter approach, describe how the ‘bottom line’ focus has changed the nature of the US health care system and lastly, state my views on the influences that the U.S. insurance industry has on the single payer system concept. 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In a lecture called ‘Health Informatics: Acquiring a New Clinical Information System, First Steps’, Dr. Anita Ground also stressesRead MoreThe E Journal Of Health Informatics Essay814 Words   |  4 Pages The e-Journal of Health Informatics Accountable-eHealth Systems (eJHI) is an on-line journal dedicated to the advancement of health Information and information technology in healthcare. Based in Australian it is an international open access journal with a global readership. It’s target audience is a broad spectrum of health care providers including practitioners, administrators and information systems specialists. The journal site is user friendly. The site is simple and intuitive to use. It doesRead MoreInformation Management : An Organization1174 Words   |  5 Pagesmade POC- proof of concepts for the clients which is the proposal used to submit the client informing about the coverage to be provided according to the organization’s guideline. 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Pollution Free Essays

According to the Caribbean Environment for CXC Geography, Pollution is a substance which causes an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological environment. Although there are some natural pollutants such as volcanoes, pollution generally occurs because of human activity. Pollution occurs in three ways: Land, Water and Air. We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pollution may affect: the atmosphere. This is Air Pollution, rivers, seas, lakes and groundwater. This is Water Pollution, rocks and the soil. This is Land Pollution. No part of the world is free from air pollution. In the Arctic and Antarctic, the air appears clear; but traces of industrial chemicals can be found in the atmosphere and in falling snow. In most of the Caribbean , the air also appears clean. The trade winds blow from the east, across several thousand kilometers at open ocean. However, both worldwide and locally generated air pollution affect the region. Production of excess carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases is a form of air pollution, which has worldwide effects. Families and businesses produce increasing quantities of solid waste-kitchen garbage, paper, plastics, glass and other material. Some waste is hazardous, for example if it contains poisonous materials such as lead or dioxin chemicals. Some solid waste is taken to dump sites. This creates many problems: †¢ Rotting organic matter releases sulphur compounds and gases. †¢ Decomposing organic matter releases methane, or gas which creates a fire hazard. †¢ Hazardous waste may release heavy metals and other dangerous chemicals. Old Harbour Bay is a settlement in Jamaica. It has a population of 8,537 as of 2009. On the Southern road from Spanish Town is the town of Old Harbour Bay which has 17,883 people. On the coast five kilometers (3 miles) from Old Harbour is Old Harbour Bay, the largest fishing village in Jamaica. It has a fine harbour with one of the best deep-water piers in the island. The main generating power plant of the Jamaica Public Service is in Old Harbour Bay. Wastewater usually goes to absorption pits or septic tank on site. Few towns (20%) have wastewater treatment facilities. Other issues related to sanitation come from solid waste disposal. Much of the ground and open storm sewers are littered with cans, bottles, etc. The storm sewers seem to be a convenient trash can. Much of the waste in the storm sewers wash out to sea polluting the waters and contaminating the fish and coral reefs. Old Harbour Bay also is a small fishing village. The pollution mostly occur at Old Harbour Bay pollution. This is do because there was mainly garbages on the land. These occur by dumping, burning and deposition of solid waste which causes the degradation of the Earth’s land surfaces which caused often by human activities and their misuse of land resources. The second most pollution occurs at Old Harbour Bay, is Water Pollution. This is so because when they throw back the fish guts in the water it causes the water to became brown and dirty which is not good for fishes. Oil spill also occur when the boats and ship set out to sea and there is oil leaking out. There is also a lot of water on the land which needs to be sorted out by building a drainage pattern for the water to run-off and not causing puddles for diseases to develop. How to cite Pollution, Essay examples

Classification Essay Example For Students

Classification Essay Classification in biology, is the identification, naming, and groupingof organisms into a formal system. The vast numbers of living forms arenamed and arranged in an orderly manner so that biologists all over theworld can be sure they know the exact organism that is being examinedand discussed. Groups of organisms must be defined by the selection ofimportant characteristics, or shared traits, that make the members ofeach group similar to one another and unlike members of other groups. Modern classification schemes also attempt to place groups intocategories that will reflect an understanding of the evolutionaryprocesses underlying the similarities and differences among organisms. Such categories form a kind of pyramid, or hierarchy, in which thedifferent levels should represent the different degrees of evolutionaryrelationship. The hierarchy extends upward from several million species,each made up of individual organisms that are closely related, to a fewkingdoms, each containing large assemblages of organisms, many of whichare only distantly related. Carolus Linnaeus is probably the single most dominant figure insystematic classification. Born in 1707, he had a mind that was orderlyto the extreme. People sent him plants from all over the world, and hewould devise a way to relate them. At the age of thirty-two he was theauthor of fourteen botanical works. His two most famous were GeneraPlantarum, developing an artificial sexual system, and SpeciesPlantarum, a famous work where he named and classified every plant knownto him, and for the first time gave each plant a binomial. This binomial system was a vast improvement over some of the olddescriptive names for plants used formerly. Before Linnaeus, Catnip wasknown as: Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatis pedunculatis which is abrief description of the plant. Linnaeus named it Nepetacatariacataria meaning, pertaining to cats. The binomialnomenclature is not only more precise and standardized; it also relatesplants together, thus adding much interest and information in the name. For instance, Solanum relates the potato, the tomato and the Nightshade. Binomial ClassificationEarly on in naming species taxonomists realized that there would have tobe a universal system of nomenclature. A system that was not affected bylanguage barriers, and would also classify the millions of speciesthroughout the world. Binomial classification in its simplest form is away of naming a species by means of two names both in Latin. Latin wasoriginally used because it was the language of the founders of theclassification system, like Carolus Linnaeus, but it continues to beused presently because it is a dead language. This means that it is nolonger changing or evolving, so it stays the same and can be useduniversally, without confusion. Carolus Linnaeus (see Appendix A, Image1) first introduced binomial classification, which is why he is known asthe father of the modern day classification system. In Binomial classification the first name, which begins with a capitalletter is known as the Genus it is always capitalized. The genus is agroup of species more closely related to one another than any othergroup of species. The genus is more inclusive than the species becauseit often contains many species. The second part of the binomialrepresents the species itself and is always printed with all letters inlower case. A species is a group of individuals that are alike in manydifferent ways. Individuals are in the same species if they are:1. Are able to mate with those similar to themselves. 2. Produce young that are themselves able to reproduce. As an example, in the cat family, the genus Panthera is coupled with thespecies leo to form Panthera leo, the Lion. Likewise, Panthera iscoupled with tigris, to form Panthera tigris the Tiger. In simplifiedterns both the Lion(see Appendix A, image 2) and Tiger share commontraits and a common genus Panthera, whilst clearly remaining separatespecies. To allow further subdivision, the prefixes sub- and super- maybe added to any category. In addition, special intermediatecategories-such as branch (between kingdom and phylum), cohort (betweenclass and order), and tribe (between family and genus)-may be used incomplex classifications. .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .postImageUrl , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:hover , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:visited , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:active { border:0!important; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:active , .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc6a17535561d3c96c57d3b304c34a0a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Academic Honesty EssayClosely related species are a genus, closely related genera (plural formof genus) are grouped together in a family. Closely related families aregrouped into an order, and so on, into more inclusive categories, orlevels in the classification hierarchy. Taxonomic Hierarchy Approximately one and a half million species have been classified andthere are estimates that over five million species remain to bediscovered. For biologists to order this mass of information, ascientific system called taxonomy was introduced. The basic idea is togroup species with similar characteristics together into families, andto group the families together into broader grouping s. To this end, thetaxonomic categories where devised, and they create the taxonomichierarchy. The hierarchy goes (with an example):*CategoriesExample KingdomAnimalia Phylum (Plural = Phyla)Cordata*In plants, this category is often called a division*ClassMammalia OrderCarnivora Family Canidae GenusCanis Species Lupus (the Wolf)Every species is in only one genus. Similarly, every genus is in onlyone family, and so forth up the hierarchy. The most inclusive categoryfor classifying groups of similar organisms is the Kingdom. It is arguedexactly how many Kingdoms there are though. Up until recently, only twokingdoms were generally used, the plant and animal kingdoms. Now howeverthere are 5 established kingdoms and one controversial unofficialkingdom. The 5 kingdoms:1. Kingdom Animalia (The Animal Kingdom) ex: Multi-cellular motile organisms, which feed heterotrophically(Humans) 2. Kingdom Plantae (The Plant Kingdom) ex: Multi-cellular organisms, which feed by photosynthesis (Tulips) 3. Kingdom Protista (The Protist Kingdom) ex: Protozoa and single-celled algae 4. Kingdom Fungi (The Fungus Kingdom) ex: Yeast 5. Kingdom Monera (The Monera Kingdom) ex: Bacteria and blue-green algae Parallel to these Kingdoms, but not included, are the Viruses. Theseare acellular entities with many of the properties of other life forms,but are genetically and structurally too dissimilar to the speciescategorized above to fit into that scheme of taxonomy. Although this system is complex and intricate at times, itsuniversality makes it a necessity. With out the system presently in usethe world would be years and years behind in their task to name all ofthe living organisms on earth. This system is great but it is alwayspossible that some new finding could cause the system to evolve tobecome more inclusive. This system is by no means set in stone, andLinnaeus would probably be astounded to see the way that it has evolvedsince his original system. Appendix ACarolus Linnaeus (Image1)Panthera leo (Image 2)BibliographyBerkely University. www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html/Galbraith, Don. Understanding Biology. John Wiley and Sons. Toronto. 1989,Microsoft. Encarta Encyclopedia 97. Microsoft Corporation. 1997