Summary On Allegory In Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown

We are born into this good versus evil war and it’s almost impossible to ever come out a winner in it. This war dates all the way back to the beginning of time to Adam and Eve. They had one restriction and still the temptation that overcomes us all caused their fall. Nathaniel Hawthorne explains this theory in his â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† story, where evil overcomes and defeats the good. Hawthorne does this by using these allegorical figures Young goodman Brown, Faith, and the old unnamed man. These allegories are put in this story to represent this theory, the innocent thrown into the good versus evil war. The Puritans in this 1600’s era painted men and women as a perfect imaged, well mannered, purified, and religious people. Goodman Brown†¦show more content†¦As our faith is always trying keep us safe, it also is always within us if we believe. This is demonstrated here as good tries to stay in this everlasting battle goodman Brown states â€Å"With Heaven above, and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil!† (350). Just as easy as it is to keep our faith it is that easy to lose it being as goodman Brown completely loses both his faith and, Faith, when curiosity and temptation takeover and evil takes reign in this ongoing battle. Finally, the infamous unnamed old man whose allegory represents the evil in this story Hawthorne makes him that of the devil. The narrator introduces the old man with this staff that resembles the one of the Adam and Eve story â€Å"†¦ bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought, that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself, like a living serpent† (347). The devil tempts and deceives goodman Brown throughout the story, it’s safe to say that the evil here has great powers on overcoming the innocent which he does. When goodman Brown finally gets a peek at all the people he loves at this witchcraft meeting that the devil is leading that’s when it’s over. All good is gone from goodman Brown thanks to the conniving devil and evil wins. The meaning behind this devil is thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Hawthorne s The Man s Fall 1438 Words   |  6 PagesCalvinistic, and ancient beliefs that form the basis of Hawthorne’ s work (Hawthorne 392). Besides, the researcher notes that Hawthorne’s life is authentic although fictional. There is a psychological aspect of the story in that the man’s fall is unavoidable. The narration contains metaphoric and literal journey of the newlywed male character. However, he is making the treacherous journey with the devil himself therefore creating a spiritual crisis. Goodman Brown’s decision is ambiguous to his audience becauseRead MoreEssay on Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown and its Author1272 Words   |  6 PagesInitially, of course, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s literary works went unranked among those of other American and British writers. But his reputation grew gradually even among contemporary critics, until he was recognized as a â€Å"man of genius.† Edgar Allen Poe, in a review of Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† which had been written 12 years prior, said in Godeys Ladys Book, November, 1847, no. 35, pp. 252-6: It was never the fashion (until lately) to speak of him in any summary of our best authors. . Read MorePoe vs Hawthorne1992 Words   |  8 Pageswrote several critiques of Hawthorne’s work. On a personal level, Poe often disagreed with how often Hawthorne used allegory. As a literary element that many people use, Poe was not a fan. He once stated that: â€Å"I allude to the strain of allegory which completely overwhelms the greater number of his subjects, and which in some measure interferes with the direct conduct of absolutely all.† (Poe, 1847) It seems as though Poe regarded Hawthorne’s work as works of allegory. To say that this was theRead More Analyses of Short Stories Essay examples4756 Words   |  20 PagesHawthorne, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Goodman Brown was not asleep in this short story. As I read, I believed that Goodman did indeed meet the devil in the forest. If he had indeed dreamt about the trip he was sent on and meeting the devil, I think his nervousness would have been described in more detail then it was. Concentrating more on the anxiety he was feeling would have led the reader to believe that the events were not real. I also saw this story as an allegory. I saw the allegory after readingRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesas description, dialogue and action. Other incidents will be given relatively less emphasis through deliberate subordination. In the latter case, the author may shorten the dramatic elements of the scene or eliminate them altogether in favour of summary – in favour of telling, rather than showing. All these episodes, major or minor, need to advance the plot in precisely the same way or at the same pace, although the reader does have the right to expect that each will contribute in some way to a completed

Liberal And Permanent Provision Should Be Made For The...

â€Å"Universal suffrage should rest upon universal education. Liberal and permanent provision should be made for the support of free schools†. This is a quote from the 19th U.S. president, Rutherford B. Hayes, during his inaugural address in 1877. He saw education as the corner stone for full economic and political participation, which would lead the nation’s people to become more prosperous. An education should be available to anyone regardless of their economical status, because no one should be withheld from their right to succeed and become productive citizens. A free college education would benefit our society in many ways, but the major ones I would like to address are higher education rates, economic advancement, and better-informed citizens. In 2015 about thirty percent of American’s who started college graduated. The main reason behind this low percentage rate is that most students are attempting to juggle the stress that comes with their college career as well as the stress that derives from their places of employment while enrolled. With this burden that is placed on students this often leads to them extending their graduation date up to two years because they cannot dedicate the required amount of time to completing their coursework. In contrast if college education was made free, the stress from work would be completely alleviated because they will no longer have to worry about working to pay for their education. This idea is not a new one as our current publicShow MoreRelatedIs It Worth It?1394 Words   |  6 PagesCongressman and Senator from Vermont agreed, that there should be access to free college, like the one we already have in our public schools, across the United States, from kindergarten to twelfth grade. It was never like this, but it took a movement and pressure from the progressives, until it was accomplished, in the beginning of the 1890, where it became a reality all across the nation.† By 1940, half of all young people were graduating from high school. As of 2013, that number was 81 percent. But thatRead MoreCollege Education Should Be Free For All1787 Words   |  8 PagesAbner Gelin Brittany Roberts ENC1102 05 November 2015 College education should be free for all in America Education is the engine that drives a society. There was a time when a high school diploma was enough to secure a well-paying job. These days are all gone as more and more employers require a post-secondary education to even be considered for a basic employment. Competition for employment use to be limited to the local market, but with the advance of technology, American workers have to competeRead MorePolitical Parties of Texas Essay3050 Words   |  13 PagesDemocratic parties.Texas is a conservative state where the Republican Party has known success as the leading political party in Texas for recent years. It’s basic ideology can be described as conservative, Christian, and for the idea that government should play a minimum role in the lives of citizens. Republicans also believe in less government spending and taxation. The 25-page Texas Republican Platform is a detailed document that outlines the party’s beliefs and values and legislative goals. ItRead MoreLibe ral Perspective of a State7979 Words   |  32 Pagesdistinctions that were imposed on people. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of the principles of liberty and equal rights, but most liberals support such fundamental ideas as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights, capitalism, free trade, and the freedom of religion. These ideas are widely accepted, even by political groups that do not openly profess a liberal ideological orientation. Liberalism encompasses severalRead MoreFree Will: Do Humans Have Total Control Over Their Lives? Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pagesthe unchangeable destiny and fate. The Ancient Greeks believed that gods were the ones who guided every step of their life. Destiny could not be avoided and should be followed. Nowadays, in the 21st century, this notion of destiny has completely faded away. When we arrive in this world, the first principle of life that we learn is that free will surrounds our being; we are autonomous human beings and therefore we are respo nsible for our own actions whether these are right or wrong; if wrong, weRead MoreCongressional Era Of Reconstruction During Post Civil War Reconstruction2634 Words   |  11 PagesCongressional era of Reconstruction began, this view was squandered under federal punishment of the South. This policy led to strained relations between Congress and the ex-Confederate states. The difference of opinion was over how harshly the South should be punished for leaving the Union. The South wanted to be readmitted with as little friction as possible, so they sided with the Democrats, like Robert E. Lee, and Moderate Republicans. Congress on the other hand, being mostly controlled by RadicalRead More Student Democratic Party Platform Essay3533 Words   |  15 Pagespromote early childhood education. Another program that deserves further attention is promotion of after-school programs in all school districts, thereby providing children of working families a safe environment. The Democratic Party strongly opposes the school voucher system promoted by the Republican Party. Vouchers take away federal funding from the school systems and in turn private schools will benefit by getting the highest performing students and the families with the most ability to pay forRead MoreThe Acquisition, Use, And Disposition Of School Property8925 Words   |  36 PagesDISPOSITION OF SCHOOL PROPERTY by MICHAEL LOONEY A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Leadership, Policy, and Technology Studies in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2009 Copyright Michael Looney 2009 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT This study examines the historical development of case law pertaining to the acquisition, use, and disposition of school district propertyRead MoreUnderstanding Safeguarding of Children and Young People4542 Words   |  19 Pagessubject of an emergency protection order, or (ii) is in police protection; and (b) have reasonable cause to suspect that a child who lives, or is found, in their area is suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm: * Finally to provide support to address the needs of the child to ensure safe outcomes The Working Together to Safeguard Children 2013 sets out new guidelines which all of the following must adhere to: * Local authority Chief Executives and Directors of Children’s ServicesRead MoreSocial And Legal Aspects Of The Church And The State4621 Words   |  19 Pagestheir separation in modern society is a valid question in the light of humanitarian issues. Research and history have over time illustrated that the maintenance of separate entities of the two is at times important for the continued success of both free will, as well as the proper functioning of society. Deportation of illegal immigrants in the United States has been a big debate for a long time. It is estimated that there are approximately 4.5 million of undocumented illegal immigrants, calling for

Comparing and Contrasting Men and Women Free Essays

MEN AND WOMEN In terms of aesthetics, men and women think very different about their prescriptive towards men and women. Both seem to think differently from one another because men and women are very different from each other. As far as history can go there has been a battle of the sexes going on. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Contrasting Men and Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Men and women have always interchanged from the bottom of the pyramid to the top. But like always men seem to be on the top. Since men are always at the top level it seems to me that women have to exert themselves to various limits to get noticed but while still keeping a humble mind. This is why women look at themselves for so long in the mirror as well some men do. The studies of beauty in some cases, are much more important to both men and women, but sometimes are afraid to feel a little too cocky about them. A common phrase women use is, â€Å"Boys will be boys†. The reason why it’s used like this is because girls are really distinctive from boys, as well as boys to girls. There are a myriad of reasons why women are the way they are, and a countless reason why men are the way they are. Men, in fact, will always have it easy and pay less attention to women when women most need attention from men. Oppose to woman, who have concerns about what she will wear, or do her hair, but in the end have no complements from men. In the essay written by Dave Barry, he states, â€Å"Men don’t even notice 97 percent of the beauty efforts you make anyway† (Barry 370). I feel like some men don’t take the time to observe a woman’s efforts; instead they stare and have less of a clue of what to say, and move on. Women, most likely would want to be complemented to satisfy themselves with the effort they have done. Susan Sontag uses a perfect example in her essay and states, â€Å"To be called beautiful is thought to name something essential to women’s character and concerns† (Sontag 644). It would be more meaningful to women if they were called beautiful every day, to let go of the low self-esteem. Let’s talk about why men are the way they are. I believe that some men are the way they are because they are desperate for a women or sex. Men should feel embarrassed of themselves because it does affect women to see men’s actions be such a routine. Men usually get frustrated when they don’t see things the way they want to, and girls pretty much like it because they get the sense that men are filling their part in caring just a bit. Yet, women don’t get pleased easily. When Elrenreich compares their differences, she states, â€Å"As a general rule, women get irritated: men get mad† (Elrenreich 218). I think what she refers to is that some men sometimes decide to take the lead and play immature, while women have to sit there and support them. This is because women show their way of respect towards men, unlike men who rule themselves and care less about what a women feels. Women instead use their parents’ strategy and respect men by not getting mad, albeit some men do, and some men don’t. Men do not always stress to keep their physical appearance like women do, but instead they try to see themselves as â€Å"kings of the world†. For thus say, men think that they can get any women in the world, when women are struggling and are much more classy to say they can have a man in better phrasing then men do. In the essay, What I’ve Learned From Men, by Elenreich, she explains how women are so much respectful than men and states, â€Å"The attraction of the â€Å"tough guy† is that he has- or at least seems to have- what most of us lack and that is an aura of power and control† (Elenreich 217). Men and women are so opposites from each other when it comes to confidence. Men feel like they know it all, when women feel a lack of confidence. Women sometimes try to use different personalities depending on who these men are. I feel when women want attention; they’ll get it, if only they try to be someone else, and Berry makes a clear statement about being out of character, and says, â€Å"The problem, of corse, is that we are not the authors of ourselves† (Berry 9). This is why women sometimes try too hard in using their beauty and knowledge, because some men just play hard to get. Whether men and women argue about their differences and similarities, I feel like there will never be an end to the battle of the sexes. Each individual has different opinions of who’s right or wrong, but no one has the right to state that they are correct because nobody is perfect. Both men and women have their good side about their beauty, and that is what makes someone unique, special, and memorable. The best for men and women is to be themselves in respect to their aesthetics and the beauty that was blessedly given to both sexes. How to cite Comparing and Contrasting Men and Women, Essay examples

Defining Yourself Essay Example For Students

Defining Yourself Essay Have you ever stopped to think, I mean really stopped to think, about what defines you? For most adults in this world, the answers appear to be linked with their job titles; lawyer, doctor, teacher, father, husband, or wife. As teenagers, are we the same? It’s human nature to define your very being by the titles you carry, the boxes that you are put into. Do you define them yourself, or by the friends that you spend your time with? The music you listen to, movies you watch, sport you play? Maybe it’s your academic achievements. Maybe, you even define yourself by your failures. I could stand on a stage, and ask this to a room full of people, and the answers will be different for everyone. I have asked this question to many people; everyone has different values, morals, goals, personalities, and life stories. Many people don’t know how to define themselves. Who are you when you strip away the titles, the influence of family and friends? The greatest influence on you, is yourself. Start listening to yourself. There are several steps you can take, if you want to get a different perspective on yourself, your world. I will mention a few. Identify the strengths and weaknesses in yourself. By knowing this, you can achieve a lot more by growing your strengths, and working on your weaknesses Take time to reflect on your goals, and what you really want to achieve. Break away from your routine, and step outside of your comfort zone. Sometimes, if you allow yourself to be caught up in the mentality of the crowd, and you unwittingly conform to their ideas. Don’t stereotype yourself. Even though we are warned not to stereotype others, we often do not see the harmful effect of doing it to ourselves, limiting our abilities. I can only talk as myself, who knows the pressures of change, and overwhelming thoughts that your decisions now affect the rest of your life. While we all know this, many of us simply push the reality aside, and hide behind a think veil of apathy towards the topic. We want to stand out, but also to fit in. Each of our life goals are different, each of our mindsets differ. This is a topic with too many variables, too many angles, to ever fully discuss in this essay. You’re a product of your life experiences. I know that right now, I cannot define myself, yet I know who I am. I know I’ll change. I know that who I am, can never be fully set in stone. So I’ll never really know for sure. I’m okay with that, since I know what I stand for, what I believe in, what I think, feel, and am, without the titles. That is how you define yourself. Know what makes you tick. Whatever that may be. There is no wrong. There can never be any wrong when it comes to knowing who you are. I’ve never liked putting people in little boxes, or being put in them myself, and I still don’t recommend that. Ask yourself this, â€Å"Who are you? † Because if you don’t stand for something, you’ll fall for anything.

Fight for Rights free essay sample

A paper which shows how people in Americas underdeveloped areas of cities sometimes have to resort to taking the officials to court to obtain what they consider their rights. Rights for people in under-developed areas of cities, often called urban areas, has been a long standing battle. This paper shows how, in the state of New Jersey, two court cases represent the needs of the urban people not being met, and the legal stance taken against discrimination of people in these areas. The paper explains the cases of Abbot vs. Burke, and the Mt. Laurel case one, a case against school officials for failing to provide special education, and the other, against town officials who refused to use government funding for housing improvements. The Mt. Laurel case and subsequent fair housing litigation and legislation have catalyzed the creation of a significant amount of affordable housing in New Jersey. Furthermore, the case and its progeny in other states have stimulated discussion and action on the issue of exclusionary zoning around the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Fight for Rights or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Similarly, the Abbott v Burke case established a comprehensive program for the financing, design, renovation, repair, and new construction of primary and secondary schools throughout the state of New Jersey. The most significant change in the law is the level of State aid for public school construction.

The Death Penalty A Necessary Evil essays

The Death Penalty A Necessary Evil essays Life is the most wonderful gift that God gives us. He also gives us the power to do what we wish with that life. We can keep it and guard it, or we can take it away. It follows that murder is the worst crime anyone could ever commit. It is a crime that no one can ever make right because once you take a life away you can never give it back. Penalties exacted from criminals are made to fit the crimes committed. The worst crime possible should therefore receive the worst penalty possible. That Take, for example, the case of a man who is caught shoplifting. He does not deserve the same punishment as someone who is convicted of assault and battery. Most people would have no problem agreeing with this. Yet many of these same people believe that a cold blooded killer deserves the same life sentence as a convicted kidnapper who did not kill his prisoner. Granted these are both serious offenses, but our system of law works by degrees of seriousness (Bedau, p.326). The mental damage done to that prisoner can be turned around, but the life taken away by the murderer can never be given back. They should therefore be given a harsher punishment than life in prison. In terms of justice, we should all get what we deserve. One argument against the death penalty is that the bible tells us not to murder. If this includes all people it should include the government. However, the death penalty is not quite the same as murder. It is an exacting of justice. Consequently, the Bible also says, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. It could also say a life for a life as well. The government also has rights that we as citizens do not have. As Mayor Ed Koch says in his essay on the death penalty, the execution of a lawfully condemned killer is no more an act of murder than is legal imprisonment an act of kidnapping. (Bedau, p.318) ...

The Gap In Irelands Infrastructure And What Is Done To Close It Essay

The Gap In Irelands Infrastructure And What Is Done To Close It - Essay Example Today, from one of the poorest country, just some decades back, the country has moved to the top of the league; becoming one of the richest country in Europe today (Labohm, 2005; Wikipedia, 2006a; Ireland-Economic Profile, 2005). Although, Ireland is no longer a poor country with its per capita income now one of the highest in the European Community. Yet Ireland's infrastructure and social provision are far below the EU average. The growing poverty rates, unequal income distribution, growing rich-poor gap and the under-equipped transport, health and education systems represent the most visible signs of the extensive gaps in the country's infrastructural base. This poor infrastructure, especially as it concerns transport impacts heavily on several sectors of the country and most importantly on the increasing poor population (A Little Done, 2005). This paper therefore intends to look at the problem of infrastructure in Ireland; how bad it is and what the government is doing to remedy the situation. A good way to start the assessment of the infrastructural problems of the country is to attempt a pragmatic definition of the term 'infrastructure'. In the most general understanding, 'infrastructure' is employed to refer to a set of interconnected structural elements that provide the framework or basis that supports an entire system. However, when restricted to discussions concerning economic growth and/or development of a state or country, infrastructure refers to the facilities that enable the efficient running of individual and corporate businesses and improves the quality of lives for the inhabitants. This could include sectors of the economy as transportation, water supply, electricity/energy supply, waste removal, communications etc (Wikipedia, 2006b). Though, infrastructure is traditionally associated with transportation, such as road networks, railways, motorways etc; it is vital to point out that the term actually subsumes a wide range of facilities and services that enable the smooth running of individual and corporate existence in a state and thus includes more than twenty different areas of investment ranging from the transport, communications, electricity/energy, land development, utilities and even waste disposal and management. Most of Ireland's infrastructure used to be owned and operated by the government, however, things are changing, some are now being operated, partially or totally by the private sector, which holds serious implications for the infrastructural development of the country and the policies required to address the obvious deficits in the country's infrastructure (The Case for Change, 2005). The importance of a sound and well developed physical infrastructure not just for the country's development but also for the quality of life of its people cannot be overemphasised. In the fast moving global economy, people, goods and information must be able to move from one point to the other, quickly, reliably and efficiently. Businesses and investment are attracted to a region/state where good infrastructure exists, because enterprises will only thrive in an environment where physical and communication infrastructures are adequately deployed. Also, tourism is a strong revenue earner, providing thousands of jobs for the nation,

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Report - Essay Example The company has performed admirably well, but they are yet to unlock the exponential potential lying in the social media marketing. This may be the only thing left for the company to claim its position as the best sneakers distributor. The use of Social media for marketing enables a business to engage their customers in the platform where they naturally spend most of their time. Identification of the social media platforms to use is the first step to high rewards from the sector. Animations and funny videos, when linked to the Facebook or Twitter pages, are the surest way to keep Facebook and Twitter youthful followers engaged and in the process, they gain more interests in the company’s profile. LinkedIn pages are also another social media feature that the company should have. These pages are important to get more branding for a business and an excellent platform to reach the target market on the network. This paper details how the Sneakers Seekers marketing team could employ an effective application of the social media approaches to increase sales by engaging more youths. Introduction Sneakers Seekers is one of the newest sneakers companies in the United States. The company has its headquarters at North Miami Beach, Florida 33179. Stoyan Doynov, who is its current CEO and president, started the company in 2008. Stoyan who says he started the company out of his passion for sneakers describes himself as â€Å"Sneakerhead† (Doynov, n.d.). Getting into a market with heavyweights such as Nike, Addidas, Jordan, Asics, Converse, Ewing, Fila, New Balance, Reebok, Vansvans and other must have been a very bold step for Doynov. The success that Sneaker Seekers has achieved is enough proof that will and desire can achieve milestones even where the ‘terrain is tough.’ The company specializes in sneakers and athletic footwear offering some 'hard-to-?nd' sneakers and shoes and has a permanent promise of a wide variety brand name sneakers as well a s athletic shoes at lowest prices. Since its entry into the market, Sneakers Seekers has shown unprecedented growth. Only two year after the company opened, it moved into online marketing to open SneakerSeekers.com stores. By and by online marketing became the main marketing platform for the company. Doynov says that their beginning was a humble one, selling products on EBay (PRWeb, 2013). This was during the Great Recession. The company now has its own website and is authorized to sell numerous brands, which Doynov says they add to every month. (PRWeb, 2013). To sell more, the company focuses on fashion and offer exquisite products. They offer the most popular brands of sneakers on the market as well as fashion oriented sneakers ranging from Radii Footwear, Blackstone, Gola and Victoria. The most significant development came when the company moved most of its overstock inventory to FBA (PRWeb, 2013). Doynov says that this move enabled the company to operate with fewer employees, ca rry, more inventory, and achieve greater Amazon fulfilled velocity on its items as its listings. Amazon provided Sneaker Seekers an Auto Multi-Channel Fulfillment (AutoMCF) through which it could sell on Sears, Rakuten Shopping and Newegg as well (PRWeb, 2013) thereby reaching more potential customers. They were

In-House Versus Outsourcing Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In-House Versus Outsourcing Approaches - Essay Example However, Kamarazaly (2007, p.4) argues that decisions on choosing between outsourcing and in-house should not be based solely on financial evaluation.Comparison of In-House and Outsourcing Approaches Nxt is involved in the business of delivering parcels and it consists of two companies with NXT Services specializing in non-secure items while Nxt Secure deals with secure items. Moreover, the organization sub-contracts other courier companies to deliver 75 percent of all items at a fixed charge. Upon delivery, courier companies have to give feedback to Nxt which in turn scans the feedback to the customer to confirm the delivery. Presently, the company is facing several hurdles in its operations which can be rectified innovation and implementation of modern information technology systems. Nxt currently relies on externally sourced PostCode Address File, hand signed documents upon delivery of items and the driver's information to know the exact place that they are. This has led to variou s problems such as delayed delivery of items, drivers diverting from the route thereby increasing the operational cost and the hand signatures delay the confirmation of delivery. As noted by Zizakovic (2004, p.1), there comes a time when the present process cannot continue for long and the available system starts to show some weakness signals the time for making a decision to build a new system, consequently, the organization has to decide whether to build it in-house or outsource. Nxt has come to this point; the organization has a project support office that can lead the way in building a new system or they can source from a third party. Nxt wants to implement a GPS system that will monitor and relay back information on the exact position of the vehicle in real time. The telemetry system allows the sharing of information and will relay to the hub data on stoppage of the vehicles, detect any problems in the route and thereby facilitate the making of decisions and also improve the se curity of the driver when traveling alone. Moreover, the company is also contemplating investing in PDAs which will help customers to electronically sign on receipt of items thereby dealing with the problem of delayed signatures which are used to monitor performance. PDAs if adopted will also help in identifying new markets and save time used in the delivery. Despite the great potential that implementation of these technologies will have in streamlining the operations of Nxt; the organizations face financial constraints and the fact that it has never been involved in the implementation of such a huge project.

Genetic Screening: Types of Tests and Applications

Genetic Screening: Types of Tests and Applications GENETIC SCREENING AOUDUMBARI B.DESAI What is Genetic Screening? Genetic screening is a process in which DNA is tested to check if a person has any genetic indicators of diseases. It can also be defined as an experimental technique used for identification and selection of individual who possess phenotype of our interest in a mutangenized population. Thus genetic screening can also be called as phenotypic screening. It helps us to provide a better insight of functioning of gene in an individual. It has got applications in various genome project. The functioning of gene can be well determined by Forward genetic screen or Reverse genetic screen. Forward genetic screening first approaches towards the phenotype and then moves towards identifying genes i.e, genes responsible for a particular phenotype in an individual is identified. Whereas in reverse genetic screen it starts with gene or set of genes and moves towards analyzing the resultant phenotype by assaying its effect of disruption. A defined genetic background of organism being used and constant experimental procedure for identification of mutants of interest are the two key component of successful forward genetic screening. Define genetic background helps to identify and locate affected genes in mutant individual with greater efficiency (Herman .R.K, et al.,2005). Many a times genetic screening and genetic testing are considered to be a common terms, however there is difference between genetic screening and testing. Genetic screening is a technique in which set of diagnostics test are used on large number of individuals to test these individuals who are at high risk of genetic disorders and are the carriers of that specific genes, whereas genetic testing uses different laboratory test to identify the genetic status of individual. The individuals who are already suspected to be at a higher risks for a particular genetic disorder undergo the genetic testing. It is based on medical history of family or on screening tests. But the similarity between both the test is both of them undergo laboratory tests to identify the presence of specific genes which may cause genetic disorders. Genetic screening is a term that is also encountered in prenatal screening with pregnant women. Many researcher do screening on a broad spectrum in large number of people to find potential for genetic diseases. Nowadays genetic screening is also used by health insurance companies to screen the people for genetic disorders and avoid paying extra money. Genetic screening also include newborn genetic screening to identify new born who would benefit from early treatment. Reproductive genetic screening is also done to help reproductive decision making, and in this family history of the patient is checked to identify individuals who would get added benefit from additional prevention measure. Types of screening variation There are different screening variations which are used to identify genes that cause a mutants in phenotype of interest. Some of them are as follows : Enhancer Enhancer screening is used to screen an mutant individual with known genetic mutation. It can further be used to screen an individual with additional gene mutations that has its major role in biological and physiological processes. It is the mutation in one genes that causes the intensification of phenotype resulted due to mutation in another gene. The genetic enhancer screening identifies a mutations which enhance aphenotype of interest in already mutant individual. Source http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_geneticenhancers/geneticenhancers.html Synthetic interaction betweenmec-8andsym-3.(A) Themec-8; sym-3double mutant has a highly penetrant defect: the anterior tip (arrow) of the pharynx is not properly joined to the anterior tip of the body (arrowhead), and a functional mouth is not formedThe mutants also have a bulbous nose, an enlargement of the anterior-most part of the body, which is particularly evident in the example shown here. The junction of the pharynx and anterior end of the body is normal in thesym-3single mutant (B) and in themec-8single mutant (C). Suppresor It is used to identify the suppressor mutations. Suppressor mutations revert the original mutations. It can be defined as the one which suppresses the phenotype of original mutations and are the another mutations on the site of chromosome which are distinct from the mutation under study. It has an intragenic suppression and extragenic suppression. Intragenic suppression is the one in which mutation is in same gene as in original mutation.whereas if there is a mutation in different gene then it is called as extragenic suppression or intergenic suppression. Temperature sensitive It is a type of screening technique which involves performing temperature shifts to enhance a mutant shift. The organism grown at a lower temperature will have normal phenotype whereas at higher temperature the mutation in that particular gene will make it unstable. For example Lee Hartwell and Paul nurse independently carried out temperature sensitive screening to identify mutants defective in cell cycle S.cerevisiae and S.pombe. Types of Genetic Screening : Presymptomatic screening Carrier screening parental screening, newborn screening, carrier screening, forensic screening and susceptibility screening. Presymptomatic screening is used to screen the patients whose health is in danger. Carrier screening is used to carry out the analysis of individuals with a gene or a chromosome abnormality that may cause problems either for offspring or the person screened.it is carried out in healthy individuals where there can be a risk of genes harmful to offsprings or future generation. This can be done by testing of blood or tissue samples and can show the presence of a particular genetic trait, changes in chromosomes, or changes in DNA that are associated with inherited diseases in asymptomatic individuals. For example carrier screening is done for sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, Huntingtons disease, and neurofibromatosis. Prenatal screening is carried out in a fetus when it is at risk for various identifiable genetic diseases or traits. It began in 1966. Newborn screening is related with the analysis of blood or tissue samples taken in early infancy in order to detect genetic diseases for which early intervention can avert serious health problems or death. Newborn screening was started in 1960 with the ability to test newborns for a rare metabolic disease, phenylketonuria (PKU). Two other examples of newborn screening are the testing of African American infants for sickle cell anemia and Ashkenazic Jews for Tay-Sachs disease. Forensic screening is used in criminal investigations it is used to to discover a genetic linkage between suspects and evidence discovered in criminal investigations. As DNA of each and every person is unique, many people are reluctant to see such information become part of any national database, which might include information not only about identity but also about proclivity toward disease or behavior. Susceptibility screening is a technique which is used to screen a selected population for genetic susceptibility to environmental hazards. It helps in the identification of workers who may be susceptible to toxic substances that are found in their workplace and may cause future disabilities. Types and Uses of Genetic Tests Source :- Norrgard.K., 2008 http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/medical-careers-genetic-screening-and-diagnostics-639 Purpose of genetic screening Genetic screening acts as an important tool in modern preventive medicine. It is used to confirm the diagnosis in patients with symptoms. Genetic screening also helps to advise other family members of the diagnosed patient to detect whether they also have the disease or have genetic markers for the disease even if they dont have symptoms ,and also to check whether they are carriers or are neither. It also helps in detecting when one partner is a sufferer or carrier, to test the other partner in order to advise whether their child will have the disease, be a carrier or will not have the disease. If diseases observed in both the parents, the child must inherit the disease or the genetic markers for the disease. It may happen that one parent has the disease and the other partner also has the genetic markers for it but there are no symptoms for it, therefore the child may develop the disease or alternatively may not show any symptoms during its lifetime. If one parent has the disease and the other is a carrier, in each pregnancy there is a 50:50 chance of the child inheriting the disease. In the population, screening is carried out to discover undiagnosed sufferers or those with genetic markers for the disease, to discover carriers and to aid research into the prevalence and severity of the disease and the carrier ratio. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening, enhanced MSAFP, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS),fetal biopsy and fetal cell sorting are some of the genetic screening tests which are currently available for pregnant women. MSAFP is a blood-screening test. It is performed at the 16-18 week gestation date and it tests for spina bifida. Enhanced MSAFP is also a similar type of blood-screening test that measures levels of certain biochemical markers to test for the presence of Downs syndrome. But the only thing is that this test only has an accuracy of 60-65%. Amniocentesis is performed at the 16-18 week of gestation. Amniocentesis uses amniotic fluid to test for chromosomal abnormalities. It is also used to find biochemical abnormalities at the genetic level, it helps in detecting up to 180 genetic disorders. CVS i.e, chorionic villus sampling screening is performed at 10-12 weeks into gestation and it uses chorion tissue f or chromosomal analysis in biochemical and DNA studies. It is not widely used because this test has a drawback of correlation to produce newborns with limb abnormalities. ).Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, PUBS is performed after week 18 . PUBS is used only as a confirmation test based on results from previous other tests. In fetal tissues are taken for DNA testing . Fetal cell sorting includes an experimental procedure in whcich blood is taken from mother and fetal cells are tested in mothers blood. Oberle,I. D. Camerino.G, 1985 carried out genetic screening for hemophilia A(classic hemophilia) with polymorphic DNA probe. They collected blood samples after informed consent from13 families and carried out coagulation and immunologic assay. In this experiment they develop a new technique to screen the patients for hemophiliaA in the families at risk for the disease. A DNA probe (St14) that detects a very polymorphic region on the human X chromosome has been shown to be closely linked to hemophilia A. They observed that there was no recombination between the St14 locus and hemophilia A in 12 families studied. The odds in favor of linkage are 4.4 x 109to 1 (lod score, 9.65). They found that there was 0 to 6.5% probability of the 95 per cent confidence interval of a recombination between St14 and hemophilia A. This informative DNA probe which causes families in risk of hemophilia A in more than 90 per cent, can be used in conjunction with classic biologic assays to identify carriers with an accuracy of 96 per cent or more. If a small risk of misclassification due to crossover between the test and the disease loci is accepted, this DNA marker should allow first-trimester prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia A. Segregation analysis with St14 may thus represent a major improvement in genetic counseling for hemophilia A. Social dilemmas of genetic screening Though genetic screening is beneficial to society it has a got lot of controversies because by using genetic marker to check for genetic disorders is definitely beneficial to society because due to early diagnosis a preventive symptom treatment can be given by early medical assisantnce but however many a times it is observed that if a genetic disorder is detected in fetus then fetus is readily aborted. So here a controversy comes because no one has got right to end anyones life. Also many a times it happens that individuals carrying a genetic disorder or diseases are being discriminated by society or by health insurers and employers. Hence this genetic screening has brought up a new legal, social and ethical dilemmas. References Karthikeyan. M.1999, Human Genetic Screening, http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students99/karthikeyan.htm Norrgard.K., 2008, Medical Careers: Genetic Screening and Diagnostics, Nature Education1(1): pg no- 92 http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/medical-careers-genetic-screening-and-diagnostics-639 Burke.W., et al., 2011, Genetic Screening , Epidemologic reviews Oxford journal 33(1): pg no- 148–164Â  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166195

The O.J. Simpson Trial Essays -- Simpson Trial Murder Case Essays

The O.J. Simpson Trial On June 12,1994, Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered. Their bodies were discovered outside Nicole Simpson's condominium. Nicole Simpson was the estranged wife of the famous football player and T.V. star O.J. Simpson. The people directly involved with this case are Judge Lance Ito, the prosecution lawyers, Marcia Clark and Christopher Darden, the defense lawyers, Johnnie Cochran, Robert Shapiro and Robert Blasier , the jury and the defendant, O.J. Simpson. The families of the victims have also been present in the courtroom, as well as other spectators and news media. This case has heard one hundred and twenty witnesses over a nine month period. The prosecution's physical evidence includes a bloody glove, bloody socks, hair, and fibres and a trail of blood drops connecting the crime scene and O.J.'s estate. Defence lawyers say this physical evidence means nothing because it was either purposely tainted or contaminated. Kenneth Berris testified that two laundry bags are still missing from Simpson's Chicago hotel room. The bloody clothes and murder weapon have never been found. The prosecution says DNA tests place Simpson's genetic markers on the drops of blood leading away from the bodies. There were also blood samples, similar to Simpson's and the victims, found on O.J.'s Bronco truck. Simpson's blood was also found on his driveway and his foyer. The prosecution says Simpson cut his hand during the murder. The defence says Simpson cut his hand when he reached for his phone in his Bronco and later cut his hand on a glass. The main focus of the defence is the contamination of physical evidence. Roger Martz testified, for the prosecution, that the blood he tested contained no significant amounts of EDTA. He said the blood found at the crime scene didn't come from a test tube with special preservatives used at a crime lab. Defence lawyer Robert Blazier filed papers stating that Roger Martz has a habit and custom of changing F.B.I. reports, removing helpful defense information and has falsely testified in a number of cases. Microbiologist, John Gerdes, testified that he found sloppiness so serious at the LAPD lab that it could have allowed foreign DNA to be introduced into evidence samples. He showed pictures of the lab where test tubes were touching each other which could cause the contamination. Gerdes also... ...s claimed " I did not, could not and would not have committed this crime." My opinion about this case is that O.J. Simpson is guilty. The defence tries to say there was all this conspiracy to frame O.J. but I don't think they proved any of this happened. The defence said Furhman was a racist but this does not prove that Simpson didn't commit the crime. They say the blood samples were contaminated but I don't think every single one was. The prosecution proved he was an abuser and I think something finally snapped inside him and he killed Nicole and Goldman. The gloves the killer wore were the same type O.J. wears. When they say O.J. tried on the gloves and they didn't fit I think he tightened his hand up so the gloves would be hard to put on. The shoeprints at the crime scene were the same style and size he wears. Bloody clothes or a murder weapon have never been found but neither has the missing laundry bags from O.J.'s hotel room. I have to wonder why O.J. lead the police on a big chase if he is so darn innocent. My opinion is that O.J. Simpson would have been found guilty a long time ago if it wasn't for all the publicity surrounding the case and the fact that he's famous.

Keeping Her Nose in Front Essay

Keeping Her Nose In Front, a cartoon by Bill Leak, Highlights the constant web of lies that spiral with Julia Gillard. Through the exaggeration, symbolism and caricature, the artist attempts to provoke an amused response from readers regarding serious problems. This is encouraged to understand the lies that came from our Prime Minister. The artist represents leadership issues in Australian politics in a humorous manner. He weaves the intertextuality with the story of Pinocchio. Ultimately, readers are positioned to worry about what promise will be broken next in this effective political cartoon. The people that are portrayed in Keeping Her Nose In Front are Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd both being dressed as Pinocchio. The artist is trying to convey a negative effect on this cartoon saying that everything they promise is just a lie, in the foreground you see Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard both being dressed as Pinocchio and each frame one of the politicians says something, â€Å"THERE WILL BE NO CARBON TAX, THERE WILL BE NO LEADERSHIP CHALLENGE and THERE WILL BE POKIE REFORMS â€Å"and just like the story of Pinocchio each time he tells a lie his nose will grow and that is what happened in this cartoon. The tone of the picture is serious, talking about the leadership proposition that Julia and Kevin both stated but didn’t keep to their word. Taking a clever approach to this cartoon, the author is mixing caricature and serious issues with Julia and Kevin with the carbon tax and as well as the leadership challenge. Bill Leaks is trying to poke fun of these politics by resembling them to Pinocchio. The Author positions the audience to question what these two powerful people might say and if so will it either have a positive impact or maybe a negative impact to the Australian public. From my personal view, I think that the labour party, (specifically Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard) need to stop spinning intricate lies Throughout their own party, because this is akin to the type of backstabbing nonsense that happens every day outside of the government, and it should certainly not be happening in the political party that is trying to run the country. By explaining my personal view about this comic, I think it also explains the targets that the author was aiming for. It explains how the labour party are lying even to each other and not only the country. The target of this cartoon is in fact the country, and it is trying to emphasis on the issue that these people are the party that is leading the nation.

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buy custom Workplace Hazards essay Sometimes it becomes hard for the organization to control some risks as they occur in the normal running of the business. Some hazards can only be avoided by stopping workers from doing their duties, and this means closing down the business (Cherrie Howie, 2010). Instead of closing down the business, the organization should come up with some measures of balancing the both issues as some hazards are inevitable. Most of the risks that occur in organizations, results from electricity, driving, confined working places, fire, gas, skin and respiratory sensitizers etc. To keep the organization running some measures should be put in place to avoid the most common types of hazards. To begin with, for the organizations to keep their employees at work, and at the same time control the hazards, most of the organizations have made use hazard control programs. This is an outlined procedure of the necessary steps that helps to protect workers from exposure to risky substances or system (Hughes, 2009). This program also assists the management to determine the level of exposure of the employees to the risk sources. Through the hazard control program, all the employees are provided with the basic knowledge on how to control their exposure to risk areas. The program allows the organization to determine the effectiveness of the control system to ensure workers are safe as they execute their duties. When deciding the best control measure to put in place, the organization should determine whether to use a temporary or a permanent depending on the type of the hazard. Before the company adopts a permanent measure, it may apply some temporary ones to keep the organization moving (Hughes, 2009). For instance, in case of noise hazards, the workers may be introduced to some hearing protection temporarily as the organization take permanent measures of dealing with the source of noise. Other ways of controlling hazards are through substitution, use of administrative controls or by use of personal protective equipments. Buy custom Workplace Hazards essay

Free Essays on The Red Wheel Barrow

to draw a greater image for the reader. In â€Å"The Red Wheelbarrow† he gives us three separate images: the red wheelbarrow, the rain water, and the white chickens. The three images that Williams gives the reader are important to consider as a whole because they draw the scene. Williams who liked to write about small town life was writing about a farm. The wheelbarrow is the first and most important piece of the picture that Williams draws for us. The writer’s opening line serves the purpose of distinguishing the red wheelbarrow as part of a greater system. The wheelbarrow serves a primary function in the system of farming by allowing the farmer to move earth from one place to another. This is necessary for cultivating land and certainly makes agriculture possible. The fact that the wheelbarrow is red is suggestive of a more feminine symbol of the maturation cycle another cycle of life (Youngberg 153). The second image is of the rain water. Rain serves as a carrier for nutrients and hydrates plants on a farm. Williams uses the water as a symbol of growth. From a greater perspective the symbol water is one of purification. The rain water glazing the wheelbarrow is like a natural purification connecting the wheelbarrow to the earth (Youngberg 152). The third image that Williams paints is the white chickens. The chickens tie everything together ... Free Essays on The Red Wheel Barrow Free Essays on The Red Wheel Barrow The Weight of Words The first time a person reads â€Å"The Red Wheelbarrow† they feel weight behind the words. The poem is only one sentence, but it holds so much meaning that you can feel it in between the lines. It is so dense that reading it just once only begins to open the intricate symbols between the first word and the last. In only four short lines Williams draws a powerful image of man’s infinite connections with nature through a system of allegorical symbols and changes in point of view. Williams is an imagistic poet. Imagistic poets carefully chose their words to draw a greater image for the reader. In â€Å"The Red Wheelbarrow† he gives us three separate images: the red wheelbarrow, the rain water, and the white chickens. The three images that Williams gives the reader are important to consider as a whole because they draw the scene. Williams who liked to write about small town life was writing about a farm. The wheelbarrow is the first and most important piece of the picture that Williams draws for us. The writer’s opening line serves the purpose of distinguishing the red wheelbarrow as part of a greater system. The wheelbarrow serves a primary function in the system of farming by allowing the farmer to move earth from one place to another. This is necessary for cultivating land and certainly makes agriculture possible. The fact that the wheelbarrow is red is suggestive of a more feminine symbol of the maturation cycle another cycle of life (Youngberg 153). The second image is of the rain water. Rain serves as a carrier for nutrients and hydrates plants on a farm. Williams uses the water as a symbol of growth. From a greater perspective the symbol water is one of purification. The rain water glazing the wheelbarrow is like a natural purification connecting the wheelbarrow to the earth (Youngberg 152). The third image that Williams paints is the white chickens. The chickens tie everything together ...

Economics of immigration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economics of immigration - Research Paper Example This paper highlights different theories on economic perspective of immigration, the causes and determinants of immigration and how it is going to affect the productivity and growth of the destination.Immigration is a prominent issue in many parts of the world nowadays. Around 3% of the world’s population lives outside their country of birth. Immigration is an economic phenomenon which is part of a process referred to as globalization. As immigrants move from their source country to their destination country in search of a better living, worthy lifestyle and deserving income, the lives of the people residing in the destination countries is often affected and taken for granted (Bodvarsson and Berg 2). In the survey of 1990s, 60% of Americans thought of immigration as a bad thing and that immigration level should be reduced. After the terrorist attack on World Trade Center in September, 2001, 58% of Americans stated that they favored reducing immigration. In 2004, 61% of America ns agreed that the government was not hard on the immigration issue. Immigration is considered a big threat in every country. In 2002, when the German government recommended hiring engineers from India to fill the vacant positions of high-tech workers, the political parties opposed it and made immigrants a major issue. They were ready to prefer children over the foreigners (Bodvarsson and Berg 5). ... However, over the past decades, the issue of immigration has become prominent. Still, even now, not only economics but also people in many countries tend to agree with the fact that there should be freedom to move from one country to other; it is a basic human right (Bodvarsson and Berg 5). Immigrants are also consumers; their arrival in the country boosts demand for all factors of production, including immigrants’ own labor. Immigrants do not give a downward effect on the wages of other nationals. A key fact to consider in this whole process is that the immigrants come with knowledge and new ideas. People are carriers of innovative ideas. This spread of ideas from one country to another is a key to economic growth and productivity in the country resulting in long-term improvements in standard of living (Bodvarsson and Berg 4). Cause of Immigration Immigrants are often attracted by higher income, better career opportunities and comfortable living conditions for their children, lower levels of tax and less discrimination. The determinants causing immigration have been divided into four categories: -There could be negative incentives that might push people to migrate. -There could be positive incentives that might pull immigrants to the destination country. -There could be positive incentives that induce people to stay at home. -There could be incentives that cause people to stay away from a foreign country. When push and pull factors are strong enough as compared to stay and stay away factors, immigration will grow as observed in the recent decades (Bodvarsson and Berg 6). Economic Argument for Free Immigration This is a big issue for any country in the world whether

Second Language Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Second Language - Assignment Example It is noticing that ensures that input becomes intake before any processing takes place. This is a pre-requisite for the learner's integration into the developing inter-language system. Noticing thus the first stage in second language acquisition. (Gass, 1988) Balestone emphasizes on the importance of noticing by calling the "real gateway to subsequent learning". (Balestone, 1994) This has been asserted by Lynch as well who claims that noticing is the most essential ingredient of successful language learning. (Lynch, 2001) Various other researchers have marked out and pointed the importance of noticing in second language acquisition. Sharwood and Rutherford are to name a few. They believe that noticing leads to the other subsequent stages before the language is acquired in its entirety. After noticing, the processing phase takes form and once processing starts, the language gets integrated into the learner's mind. However noticing can be of various, forms. It can be in both conscious as well as unconscious states of mind. According to some authors, the assertion that "noticing the gap" is a conscious process is not right. They feel that it can't be a conscious process and there are far too many differences in languages that can be acquired consciously. It is not as simple as it looks like, but is a rather complex. Apart from this Truscott has criticized these founding's claiming that the foundations of hypothesis in cognitive psychology is weak and it can't be based on rational theory of languages. He feels that noticing is not a very legitimate and strong factor in second language acquisition. He believes that noticing is only important for the acquisition of met linguistic language which is acquiring the ability to change words, fill gaps, adapt to sentence manipulations and dictate grammar rules. Noticing acts a mediary between the input and the memory systems. Spotlight consciousness is given by short term memory and is instantiated by various influences on noticing. These are the main factors that influence noticing: Instruction, silence, task demand, perceptual silence, skills, frequency and comparing. Instruction plays an important role in laying the foundations for expectation settings about the language which are noticed by observers and adapted accordingly. Another language feature that is of considerable importance is frequency which comes up due to repeated use of the language by teachers. This helps the learner notice the features of the language and eventually learn them accordingly. Skills set required to be incommunicado for a particular language is yet another important element that assists noticing of language in humans. Q2) Corrective Feedback in Second Language Learning What are the types of feedback Different terms have been used interchangeably that identify corrective feedback in the second language acquisition literature. Some of these terms are corrective feedback, negative evidence and negative feedback. According to Chaudron (Chaudron, 1992) the word corrective feedback can be layered down to mean different things. A "treatment of error" could mean any teaching behavior that follows after an error has been made. These steps aim to inform the learner of the facts of the error. The treatment will not be observed from the student's response but it would rather work to

Top paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Top - Research Paper Example enic activities such as burning of fossil fuels and emission of green house gases have been said to be the prime suspects many conservative scientists still believe that Global warming is a natural phenomenon and not a man-made one. After the Earth’s origin the temperature of the earth has changed continuously throughout the geologic time period. As a matter of fact global warming is an important phenomenon that is important for survival of life on Earth without which the earth’s temperature would drop drastically. Conservatives believe that till date there is no credible or reliable information about the phenomenon of Global warming. A thorough study of the Geologic time scale would reveal that instances of global warming has even occurred in the past with temperatures of Earth exceeding than what it is today. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is one of the most recent cases of Global warming said to have occurred almost 56 million years ago (Bowen et al, 2004, p.495). This not only caused warm temperature conditions but also caused release of almost 2000 x 109 metric tons of carbon  into the ocean waters causing ocean acidification, a phenomenon which can be seen today (Zachos et al, 2005, p.1611). Today rapid acidification is attributed to global warming however such acidification is known to occur thousands of years ago when man’s harmful anthropogenic activities did not exists. Global warming is known to be the major cause of melting of ice caps and rising of the water level. However, recent studies of the polar ice caps have shown that in most areas of the Arctic the ice caps have thickened. GIS images have shown that in 2012 polar ice-caps covered almost 3.91 square kilometers whereas as of 2014 the polar ice-caps cover almost 5.62 million square kilometers which is in contrast to the global warming model (Rose, 2014). If man’s activities were to be the cause of global warming then such a phenomenon would not have occurred since Man

Structural approaches to systems of signification are rooted in linguistic theory Essay Example for Free

Structural approaches to systems of signification are rooted in linguistic theory Essay A general analysis of language assists in the deconstruction of meaning as it inscribes in different types of narratives (whether verbal or non-verbal). This analysis can be divided into 4 processes. The first process is the identification of sign systems used in particular social situations. The second process is the determination of body movements, sounds, or letters that individuals use to express the sign system. For example, when an individual refer to the term ‘funeral’, then all individuals in a particular social group must know the proper reference to a funeral. The fourth process is called social convention. Every individual in a community or group must agree on a common set of meanings for the sign system. The fifth process is the rate by which signs changes meaning. This phenomenon is common in Western societies where words and symbols often change as a response to social, economic, and political changes. One of the leading figures of semiotics is Roland Barthes who applied the structuralist linguist theory of Saussure to the study of mythology. His research paved the way for the development of a ‘contemporary mythology. ’ The findings were as follows: 1) The elements involved in narratives are often objects which assume meaning that transcends beyond their aesthetic and normative value. The development of this set of meanings is often expressed in the so-called ‘second level language’; 2) Barthes also identified the so-called ‘second order semiological system’, a sign system which enables people to communicate with each other; 3) An object assumes meaning when society attaches a particular value to a place, object, and entities. However, the significance of an object, idea or place may also be ambiguous and may assume a set of meanings that may be hard to deconstruct. The ability to deconstruct meaning depends on a number of factors: 1) the complexity of the social situation, 2) the relationships of the actors involved, 3) the complexity of the general sign system used, 4) the range of possibilities, and 5) the biases of the researcher. Deconstructing meaning is a process by which an individual attempts to relate one set of meaning to another in a particular situation; that is, the repercussions of motives and intentions are always embedded in behavioral orientation. 2) Language is a system of distinct signs which correspond to distinct ideas (Saussure 1966:16). Please explain the nature of sign according to Saussure’s theory of language. With the publication of the Course of General Linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure established a formal theory of language. Some of the assumptions of his theory were as follows: 1) There is a distinction between language and parole (speech). According to Saussure, language is the system of symbols in which individuals communicate. Parole refers to actual utterances. Since individuals communicate in an infinite number of utterances, it is the symbolic system which is deemed more important. In providing distinction between uttering and language, one is also separating: a) what is social from what is individualistic, and b) what is essential from what is supplemental. Saussure likened this proposition to a chess game. The chess game has rules which define the overall essence of the game. Utterances are the actual moves of the players. The rules reflect the language used in the game; 2) Languages do not produce different versions of reality; they in fact produce different realities. According to Saussure, the differences in language reflect the general differences not only in the interpretation of what is real but also the notion of what ought to be real. In short, if a language does not have a word for ‘natural’ then individuals who use such language will in effect submerged in a world which is unnatural. Here, the term ‘natural’ is both ambiguous and vague because individuals have no common assumptions of what is ‘natural’; 3) Language is the means by which social meanings is communicated through the use of signs. A sign or a word defines the relationship between the assumed image of a set of sounds or signifiers and the actual image in an individual or group’s consciousness. A sign is a mediator between the assumed and the actual, between the real and the immaterial. According to Saussure, signs define the conceptual outlook of particular objects, entities, and even other ideas (Wittgenstein called this as referent idea). For example, the word ‘family’ describes both the ideal notion of a ‘family’ and the actual image of a family (reality). In short, a sign define the ideal and realistic boundary of specific ideas, objects, and entities. The bond, however, between the signifier and the signified is both arbitrary and necessary. The principle of arbitrariness is predominant when all ideas about the boundary of language are assumed to be in unity. Here, language is assumed to be a matter of social convention; that is, a general creation of collective consciousness. Hence, the set of signifiers (signs) becomes a means to describe and define the image of an object, idea, or entity. Signs become, as what philosophers of language called, an ‘arbitrary assumption of events’ – events which are either singular or plural in orientation. Signs therefore are subject to social change – as actors periodically change the meaning and application of signs in a sign system. In some cases, the change is radical that the original symbolic meanings are radically altered. Here, the signs remained intact, but the associated meaning greatly changed. This radical change is though not separated from changes that occur in a larger social environment, for it is the social environment which is the initial source of change. Saussure defined language as both a ‘social phenomenon’ and a ‘psychological phenomenon. ’ It is a social phenomenon because the significance of signs is dependent on social context or milieu. Social context here refers to a state of perpetual change in language over time. In fact, Saussure argued that all languages are equal in complexity. This assumption may be ambitious, but it has not without basis. Languages change because the social contexts to which they are located also change. A good example of language change is the creation of new words in many of the leading world’s languages. This process of language ramification is perhaps due to the rapidly increasing communication among individuals, groups, and institutions. However, much of the newly created words are ambiguous and vague in form. Many individuals either attach multiple meanings to a word or simply fail to attach a clear cut meaning to such word. 3) Debord states: ` an earlier stage in the economy’s domination of social life entailed an obvious downgrading of being into having that left its stamp on all human behaviour. The present stage, which social life is completely taken over by the accumulated products of the economy, entails a generalised shift from having to appearing: all effective `having` must now derive both its immediate prestige and its ultimate raison dentre from appearances` (Debord 1994:16). Explain in your own words Debord’s analysis of the society of the spectacle. Much of Debord’s ideas of the society of the spectacle were derived from Marxian theory. According to Marxian theory: 1) Society is divided into two structures: the superstructure and the substructure. The superstructure is the set of institutions functioning in the society. The substructure is the economic system utilized by the society. There is a dialectic relationship between these two structures. Initially, the substructure influences the creation of the superstructure. The economic system determines the type of institutions that will be developed in the society. The superstructure then either reinforces or alters the substructure, depending on the needs of the society; 2) The behavior of human wants is always conspicuous. Every individual desires not only the basic needs of life but also the ideal notion of fruitful living. Here, Marxian theory suggests that human want is both arbitrary and unlimited. Individuals will strive to attain what is socially acceptable and what is necessary. Consumption is a means to ‘show’ that these ends are met (echoes Veblen’s idea on conspicuous consumption). Individuals therefore, disregarding the efficacy of moderation, engages in subtle confrontation with the sources of frustration. The end: the individual becomes more and more attuned to the affairs of the market, and subject to the whims of the ruling class – whom unconsciously is fueling individual frustration to obtain higher market value for their products. Debord expounded on the development of a modern society in which genuine social life has been displaced with its representation – that is, its image. Debord argues that the history and essence of social life can be understood as the ‘decline of being into having, and having into merely appearing. ’ Debord notes that this condition of human life is the event in which commodity completely colonized the virtue of social life – an unconscious process of colonization of the ideal notion of life. The term ‘spectacle’ connotes a social system characterized by the affluence of advance capitalism, the mass media, and capitalist led governments. The spectacle is the general opposite image of society in which the relationship between commodities have, in general, displaced the relationships between people. The worship of the commodity becomes not just a rule but the aspiration of social life. In the society of the spectacle, the quality of life is poor, human perceptions greatly altered by both the market and mass media, and a general degradation of genuine knowledge. Knowledge becomes a tool for distorting reality – obstructing the true essence of the past, and promising a bright future of mass consumption and happiness. Here, individuals becomes attune to the calls of the promise and prevent themselves from realizing that such ‘spectacle’ is only illusory – that the society of spectacle is only a moment in history which can be overturned by collective action. The responsibility therefore of the ‘drugged’ individual is to free himself from the chains of spectacular images through radical action. This radical action will restore the beauty and essence of social life – life defined not by the relations between commodities but by the relations between individuals. 4) Basing yourself on first Levi-Strauss and then Barthess analyses, describe how myths function as types of narratives that carry a message. Levi-Strauss applied the structural linguistics of Saussure to the analysis of family. Traditionally, the family is seen as the fundamental object of analysis and as a self-contained unit consisting typically of a husband, wife, and children (offspring). Levi-Strauss argued that families only acquire determinate identities through relations among units. Levi-Strauss fundamentally altered the classical view of anthropology, putting the secondary family members first and analyzing the relationships among units instead of the units themselves. Levi-Strauss’ application of structural linguistics is also evident in his work Mythologiques, a series of work on myths and legends. According to Levi-Strauss, myths are a type of speech in which a symbolic system could be discovered. This theory attempted to explain the similarities of myths across cultures. Levi-Strauss argued that there is no such thing as ‘singular authentic version of a myth’ rather a general manifestation of the same language. In order to understand this language, the fundamental units of myth, the mytheme, must be examined. To find the mythemes, Levi-Strauss deconstructed each version of a myth into a set of sentences, consisting generally of a relation between a function and a subject. Sentences with the same function and subject were given the same number. Both Levi-Strauss and Barthess analysis of myths revealed striking results. First, the coagulation of myths is a message of a common language. Second, the myth itself not only expressed social, economic, and political values, but also the means in which people throughout the ages communicate. Third, binary opposition is a common characteristic of language – that is, people communicate through binary opposites. And lastly, myths function as a kind of lingual illusion which drives individual to act on the basis of the myth itself (the myth is a self-sufficient source of action). Here, the degree of which an individual communicates the myth to another individual is related to the preponderance of a myth. Hence, the survival of a myth depends on the way and degree to which it is communicated.

Relationship Between Lennie And George Essay

Relationship Between Lennie And George Essay Analysing the relationship between George and Lennie in Steinbecks Of Mice and Men In the opening section of the novella, Steinbeck wishes to portray the relationship between George and Lennie as leader and follower. Steinbeck highlights that they walked in single file down the narrow path and when they came into the open, one stayed behind the other; which immediately indicates that George is dominant in this relationship, therefore Lennie is somewhat irresponsible, dependent and incapable of looking after himself. This image illustrates that George acts as a parental figure and Lennie is similar to a shy child hiding behind a father. Furthermore, in Chapter 2 this idea is developed when George also carries Lennies work card, knowing that Lennie would lose it if he was responsible for it Think Id let you carry your own work card?. This quote shows how George acts as a parental figure for Lennie; George must look after Lennies important possessions, as George knows that he will just lose them because of his simple-mindedness. The rhetorical question also shows Geor ges frustration with Lennies small mental capacity as he is always creating problems. Also, when we are first introduced to Lennie and George, the main physical differences between them are highlighted. Lennie is huge, shapeless of face and often dehumanized to be that of a bear. However, George on the other hand, is small, quick and thin with, restless eyes and slender arms. This description is a form of juxtaposition, as the two characters contrast in appearance. It would form an image in the readers minds of two characters that differ greatly, and could supposedly be the opposite of one another. I think the authors intentions of using of this language technique, would be to make a point of their differences and suggest that their personalities also greatly contradict each other. So this makes us read on to find out why we find these two opposing characters together in the story. Throughout the passage, Lennie is referred to as a bear, and a huge companion with dragging feet. This creates an image in the readers mind of a man who is giant-like in size and is supposedly clumsy and uncoordinated. The authors use of the animal Bear to compare Lennie to, symbolizes that he can be the dangerous, strong bear, or the cuddly teddy bear. It indicates that whilst Lennie is a big and strong man, he is also just a playful, childish boy who needs guidance. Steinbeck also metaphorically compares Lennie snorting into water like a horse; Lennies actions are similar to an animal, unlike humans who cup their hands to drink water. This emphasizes that he will act upon an animal instinct and his animal characteristics convey Lennies great strength that he is unaware of; this holds immense importance in the novel as it foreshadows the downfall of Lennie due to his powerful strength and animal instincts. Verbs and adverbs are chosen specifically to reflect Lennies and Georges attitudes and characteristics. Generally actions and descriptive words attached to Lennie show a lack of confidence and maturity, for example words such as dabbled and timidly displays Lennies hesitancy and unassertiveness, whilst George on the other hand has words adverbs such as sharply and gently which suggests that he is thinks a lot before all his actions. Overall the reader can deduce without any explanation required, that Lennie most likely needs supervision from George, and looks up to him as a role model because he admires his intelligence and general behaviour/demeanour. In the books dialogue, Steinbeck uses slang,colloquialism, and non-standard terms (aint, would of, brang, and so on) to convey an authentic sense of the characters. This casual dialect(shes a loo loo, Curleys got ants in his pants) helps recreate a particular time, place, and social background that make the book sound real as well as the characters more relatable. Whats more, is that the lack of standard English is constant throughout all speech, characters dont speak with more refinement to other specific characters. Even Lennie, though hes slow, isnt less able to communicate with words than others.This aspect equalizes the characters and gives them a lack of identity or purpose. Overall it addresses the theme of power and each characters lack of control over their own destiny. Readers may interpret these aspects negatively, because it is symbolic of the lack of importance or significance people had back in the contexts day. However, on the other hand you could interpret it as a goo d thing that all of society was equal, everyone had equal chances and people felt a good sense of community and belonging. Towards the end of chapter 6, as Lennies captors advance towards him, Steinbeck gives a brief description, using pathetic fallacy, of the landscape in which the story is unfolding; Already the sun had left the valley to go climbing up the slopes of the Gablian Mountains, and the hill tops were rosy in the sun. I believe Steinbecks desired intentions of using this specific technique, is to reflect that all hope of the American dream has been lost, due to the death of Curleys wife. The sun is the light, which represents hope and happiness, and the fact it has left the valley represents the reality of the situation; that Lennie has ruined any chance they once had of fulfilling the dream. The use of the word already in particular, depicts the idea that all hope vanished as soon as Lennie killed her; there was no way he could have made amends. This would make the reader feel sympathy/pity for Lennie, as they have grown attached to his character throughout the book, and they know the death was unintentional. Also, embedded frequently throughout the book, is the use of structural motifs. In particular, the recurring element of the American Dream, and its dismal achievability, is used to signify the relationship between Lennie and George. It exemplifies one of the reasons why we find the two characters together; their differences are made apparent yet they both share and hold onto this strong sense of longing for this scenario, no matter how out of reach it is. Additionally, each time George repeats this dream to Lennie, his intonation and demeanor in which he says it, reflects its current state of achievability. For example, in chapter one, where Lennie and George have no job and no comfortable sanctuary, George is reluctant to finish describing the dream, I aint got time for no more, this hesitancy shows that he has obvious doubt in fulfilling it due to the current circumstances he and Lennie is in. However, in chapter 3, when Candy offers his savings into the purchasing of the house, George becomes excited as he believes the dream is now within reach. Steinbeck shows this through the use of short sentences and informal dialect, Jesus Christ! I bet we could swing her, because we relate excitement with uncontrollable language, colloquialism and the inability to produce sophisticated sentences, therefore it creates authenticity and pace for the reader, thus making it more believable. Lastly, in chapter 6, the dream is again repeated, back where the story first began. Yet now, the dream is fragmented, separated with the use of ellipses, Youan me. This punctuational technique symbolizes the loss and feebleness of the dream, as well as Georges despair of having to kill Lennie to save him from the oncoming lynch mob. Now, its no longer a chore for George; he wants to take it slow and let Lennie enjoy it fully before he dies, it truly reflects that George needs Lennie just as much as he needs him. Overall the reader would sympathize for both of them, because we can understand that George only did this for Lennies benefit, and despite their disputes; they cared about each other very much. The plot in Of Mice And Men is also an example of a circular narrative; it concludes in the same location, and George and Lennie are once again fleeing from trouble. This structure is used to offer a valuable moral about difficult the American Dream is to fulfill, as well as to reveal the sad absurdity of dreams in general. Overall this highlights Steinbecks pessimistic views towards the dream as he adapts his story to portray the dream to be impossible for all, Curleys wife included. However, on the other hand, Lennies death was inevitable because of the escalating destruction he was evoking, so others could interpret it as a blessing that Lennie died at the hands of a man he trusts, painlessly and still believing in his dream. So readers may believe Steinbeck wrote this to emphasize the beauty of friendships and highlight how important it is for mankind to uphold them.

Against Marijuana Legalization :: Marijuana Should NOT Be Legal

Against Marijuana Legalization Should Marijuana Be Legalized? In society today, many people look for a feeling of freedom. Many people go on vacation and spend money. The most common escape for people is drugs. Our American society is facing a tremendous drug problem. In order to eradicate the drug problem, a public debate is going on to find some solutions to this drug dilemma. It has become a highly controversial issue whether drugs such as marijuana should be legalized or not. Some people advocate this issue and believe that legalization is the only solution left for the nation while others oppose because it will increase the number of drug users and drug related crimes. Marijuana is a drug that is illegal in the United States. This drug as you know is bad and causes severe side effects to your brain and body. Scientist have found that smoking marijuana can cause you to loose your memory. Marijuana has many psychological and physical effects. People usually smoke marijuana in cigarettes or pipes, but it also can be mixed with food and beverages. Short-term effects of marijuana include both psychological and physical reactions. These reactions usually last for three to five hours after a person has smoked marijuana. The psychological reaction, known as a high consists of changes in the user ´s feelings and thoughts. Such changes are caused mainly by THC. The effects of a marijuana high vary from person to person and from one time to another in the same individual. In most cases, the high consists of a dreamy, relaxed state in which users seem more aware of their senses and feel that time is moving slowly. Sometimes, however, marijuana produces a feeling of panic and dread. The different reactions result partly from the concentration of THC in the marijuana. Other factors, such as the setting in which marijuana is used and the userÕs expectations, personality, and mood, also affect a personÕs reaction to the drug. Long-term effects of marijuana are not completely known, but studies have shown that some people have used marijuana regularly for several months or longer have develop serious long-term problems. Among males, marijuana use can reduce the production of sperm and of the male sex hormone testosterone. Among females, it can cause menstrual irregularity and reduced fertility. Extended use of marijuana also has a long-term psychological effect on many people. These individuals loose interest in everything.

College Goals Essay

Attending college is the first step to a better future. Throughout life there will be many goals to accomplish but some of the most important goals to accomplish will be during the time you are in college. My first goal is to pass every class this semester. After completing this goal my next goal to complete will be to graduate from Hudson County Community College with an Associate’s Degree in Liberal Arts. Finally my last goal to complete is to further my education and get the job I want. Passing every class this semester will help me feel positive and confident about my future and future goals. In order to complete this goal I will have to attend every class and be on time. By missing one class I will miss out on a lot of work and may not be able to catch up. I will have to finish every assignment on time because if I write the best essay I could possibly write but hand it in late, my grade will drop dramatically. Finally I will have to ask for help if I need it. Even though it is my first semester of college and I do not know what to expect, asking for help is easy and can help improve my college experience. To be able to obtain my Associate’s Degree in Liberal Arts by August 2015 I will have to work harder than I ever have. I will have to be sure to complete all my assignments and be sure to attend all my classes. I will have to put school first in life and avoid activities that will have a negative impact on my education. Prior to achieving this goal I also want to choose the career I want so I can know what direction my life is going. My final long-term college goal is to go on to obtain my Bachelor’s Degree and possibly my Master’s Degree, depending on the career I choose. I have not chosen the career I want yet but I want to have the best education possible to qualify me for the job. To be able to obtain the best education possible I want to keep my grade point average high and be able to attend a good university. I have not really thought about all the details since I have not chosen a career yet but I am going to better my education as much as I possibly can. After completing all my education I will have the job I want and be happy and financially stable. In conclusion, my college goals are some of the most important in my life because they greatly help shape my future. By passing all my classes this semester I will have the confidence to continue my education and do well. By obtaining my Associate’s Degree I will be able to go on and obtain my Bachelor’s and possibly Master’s Degrees. And finally when I finish completing all my education I will be able to get the career I want and be happy with my life. My entire future depends on the choices I make in college.

What is Plagiarism

What is Plagiarism Plagiarism is a growing problem in today’s world, thanks, no doubt, to the growing number of sources available to be plagiarized from. Now, we not only have books and magazines, television and movies, we also have the wide world of the internet. There is an unbelievable amount of stuff to be plagiarized, and many people are building entire websites, books and college theses entirely out of others thoughts. With that in mind, I thought I would answer some common questions about this: How close is too close for plagiarism? Plagiarism is the use of style or ideas that belong to others. Thus, if you take information from another source, even if it’s common knowledge, it is a very good idea to cite it. If you cannot remember or find the original source of information, then you should not use it in your work. The introduction of the term â€Å"language† into the definition makes for an even more complex idea. Quoting is acceptable as long as you include quotes, and paraphrasing is also acceptable, but taking any single section of two words together from a single source is probably not a good idea. Is it still considered plagiarism if I purchase the work from someone else (such as hiring an article writer for your blog, or purchasing a college thesis from a writer)? If the article comes with rights to you, then it is not plagiarism to use it. If it does not include rights, you absolutely cannot use it. More often than not, it will come with rights, but it is always best to ask exactly what you can and cannot do with it, since it may come back to haunt you. Also note that almost every college and high school will consider the same punishment for plagiarism as if they find you had your papers written for you, so make sure you know it back to front. Finally, it should stand to reason that you should always check the final document for plagiarism by looking through some of the sources that were chosen for the work. What are the punishments for being caught as a plagiarizer? If you’re plagiarizing in a college level course and caught, you will almost certainly fail the course, and you could be kicked out of the university all together. Degrees have also been revoked in cases of extreme plagiarism. If you are caught plagiarizing online, the punishment can include a lawsuit, but unfortunately, until now, only a small portion of the plagiarism is actually punished. Some cases are more complicated than others, particularly thanks to the development of RSS feeds, which by their nature, help to encourage people to reuse other content. Sometimes this is allowed by the authors, but most of the time it is not. To report online plagiarism, contact the ISP or Hosting company of the offender, and be prepared to offer significant amounts of proof that you are the original author. Is plagiarism the same thing as copyright infringement? No.   While they’re both bad, copyright infringement only overlaps plagiarism in rare circumstances where you plagiarize a copyrighted phrase.   The major difference between these two crimes (yes, crimes) is that plagiarism is where you take other’s content and claim that it’s your own.   Copyright infringement recognizes that it’s the work of others that you are attempting to use or profit from. Is it still plagiarism if I don’t intend it to be? Yes. Even if you don’t mean to, it’s still plagiarism. If someone finds your work to be too similar to their own, or a collection of others’ works, it can be considered plagiarism, and you can get in trouble for it. My best advice is to cite everything you possibly can, and to check your work with a sentence matching tool that compares your document to everything available online. While Copyscape is probably the #1 name on the internet, it’s a paid service, and I’ve always found Article Checker to be just as good, and perhaps a bit more flexible.

An Assessment of Clean Up Australia advert We Want You

An Assessment of Clean Up Australia advert We Want You Introduction Clean up Australia is a non-governmental organization which is at the fore-front of environmental conservation. The organization uses community based events as its main tool in environmental conservation. The organization was founded by Ian Kiernan in 1989(Clean Up Australia, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on An Assessment of Clean Up Australia advert ‘We Want You’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was after he had witnessed the level of pollution in various oceans around the world. In 1989, he organized the clean up Sydney Harbour which got an overwhelming response. The first Clean up Australia day was organized in 1990. Clean up Australia has internationalized its operations. Through UNEP, a Clean up the World day was introduced in 1993. Clean Up Australia has launched a campaign through which it intends to raise funds from individual sponsors. Clean Up Australia day has enjo yed support from both individual and corporate sponsors. The campaign is dubbed ‘We Want You’ is a request to Australians to contribute $ 2 Australian dollars (Clean Up Australia day, 2012). Also, businesses can contribute towards the course. They are several incentives that have been set up to ensure that individuals and businesses contribute towards the course. A role of honour has been established for individuals and businesses that contribute towards the course. Businesses that contribute more than $ 5000, a company is given a special honour where they will be featured in by Clean Up Australia as a case study which will be posted on the organization’s website. High effort behaviour is characterised by several things. One of the aspects associated with high effort behaviour is increased personal cost (Barr et al., 2011). Personal cost can be incurred through direct monetary donations. Secondly, an individual can invest time and thus forego income generating ac tivities to engage in alternative activities. Low effort behaviour, on the hand, does not require huge monetary or time investments. The above advert involves low effort behaviour as the amount required is low. An individual is required to contribute only $ 2 only towards the initiative.Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Clean Up Australia has shifted focus from big corporate donations to community donors. After the 2008 global financial, companies suffered a dip in their profits (IMF, 2009). This led to constrained resources thus reduced amount allocated for community service projects. The above campaign is aimed to solicit funds from ordinary citizens. Citizens, also, incurred constrained resources after the global crisis in 2008. This was caused by escalating cost of living. Therefore $ 2 contribution is quite reasonable thus more people can afford to contr ibute. Also, individual including young person’s can contribute towards the course. There leads to increased awareness on the environmental conservation when an individual contributes towards the course. The individual is keen on initiatives introduced by Clean Up Australia for the utilisation of the funds. The campaign has set up a role of honour where individuals who contribute towards the campaign are recognized (Clean Up Australia Day, 2012). Recognition acts as an important reinforcement tool. Individuals feel appreciated for the contribution that they make towards the course. The campaign is also an alternative for individuals for individual who may not be in a position to participate in clean up events. By using the ‘We Want You initiative’, Clean Up Australia aims at increasing environmental awareness through donations. Analysis An advertisement is tool of communication used to encourage individuals to take up new products or services. AIDA theory outline s four critical aspects that are associated with an advertisement. They include attention, interest, desire and action (Stern, 2000). In order for an advertisement to be successful, it must generate the above elements. The structure of ‘ Join?You’ advert is meant attracts ones attention. This is because the advert has question mark which is framed into word ‘you’.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on An Assessment of Clean Up Australia advert ‘We Want You’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, one is attracted to the advert due to the creativity exhibited on the presentation of the advert. The structure of the advert, also, arouses ones interest. The need to know what’s behind the question mark pushes one into opening the adverts’ slides. The low amount of contribution is one incentive that arouses ones desire to contribute towards the project. Another incen tive is the role of honour introduced by the organization for recognizing individuals who have contributed towards the course (Clean Up Australia Day, 2012). The desire to participate in the project is fulfilled by one contributing towards the project. Success of an advert is linked to increase in sales in various firms. Therefore, success of the above advert can only be analysed by the amount of contribution received. Theory of attention Selective attention theories indicate that individuals choose to concentrate on specific characteristics of an object. Selective attention is divided into two main stages. The first stage encompasses attention to all characteristics of the object. An individual focuses on the object as a whole. This is based on mental shortcut known as schemas. There are formed from encounters with similar objects in the past (Meyers-Levy Tybout, 1989). The second stage encompasses focus on a specific characteristic of object. Focus on the characteristic could be as a result of its uniqueness. Therefore, it is a source of new information which an individual tries to process and interpret the new information. Thereafter, the new information and thus is part a schema is constructed for perception of similar characteristics in future. The above advert provokes interest where an individual is firstly drawn to structure of the advert. The imagery portrayed on the advert is quite unique and thus individual are drawn to it.Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The creativity on the above advert provokes increased attention to specific characteristics including the intricacy of the artwork. Therefore, one is interest is drawn towards unravelling the initiative behind the advert. Thereafter, incentives arouse ones desire into participating in the initiative. Cognitive based attitudes An attitude encompasses an evaluation of an object. The evaluation is based on several aspects including the perceived conditions of excellence or quality of an object (Campbell Kirmani, 2000). Where the object does not meet the conditions, a negative attitude is developed towards the object. The multi-component theory of attitudes identifies three critical components of cognitive based attitudes. These components include judgements, thoughts and beliefs (Festinger, 1957). Understanding cognitive based attitudes is a basis from which advertising is premised. An advert acts as persuasion tool used for development of a positive image about a product or service. Cognitive based attitudes, therefore, are based on information and consequent use of a company’s product or service. A cognitive based attitude is thereby developed through a continuous evaluation process. Cognitive based attitudes are based on a multi-dimensional structure. Cognitive attitudes are based in specific attributes of a product or service. Attributes can be either positive or negative. Therefore, they are quite distant from affective based attitudes which are more uni-dimensional thus specific attributes about a product are not observed. Specific attributes refer to specific characteristics about the product or service (Campbell Kirmani, 2000). An evaluation based on preset standards forms the basis from where either positive or negative attitudes are formed. There are two main factors that determine the level of persuasion of an advert in relation to cognitive based attitudes. Firstly, the strength of an attitude heavily influences consumers towards purchasing p roducts from a particular company. The strength of an attitude is based on the duration of evaluation of a brand (Alba Hutchison,1987). Where an individual has used a company’s product or service, the attitude towards the brand is usually well-established. On the other hand, first time buyers attitudes are not well established thus rely more on the information provided by the company. Information about the product can be contained in advert detailing use and benefits of product or service. Where a positive attitude towards the brand in well established, there is increased likelihood that the customer repurchases a product from the same brand. Secondly, attachment generated towards a specific brand is also a critical component that influences success of adverts. Attachment to a brand arises when a customer can relate to directly to a brand. A positive attitude towards a brand results in increased loyalty from the customer (Alba Hutchison,1987). He or she, therefore, overlook s some of the faults that may be present in the company’s future products or services. Also, the customer markets the product through word of mouth. This is an important marketing tool where customers act as trusted sources for potential customers The success of the ‘We want You’ campaign is premised on several aspects. One of the critical components is the image of the company. This is based on aspects as transparency in the organization’s financial policies. Clean Up Australia has maintained prudent financial practices thus has continuously enjoyed support from individual and corporate sponsors alike. The role of honour is a tool that will be used to increase sponsor’s attachment to the initiative. Increased attachment gives the initiative momentum by marketing through word of mouth. Businesses that contribute also get recognition by being featured in the Clean Up Australian’s website. Individual contribution has been put at $ 2 Australian dollars. This is important as more individuals can take part in the initiative. Participation of young people is particularly imperative to the initiative. This is because by encouraging positive environmental conservation behaviour in young people, young people will be conscious of environmental conservation (Whitmarsh, 2009). In the long term, this translates to reduced consumer waste thus reduced impact on the environment. This is in line with Clean Up Australia’s long term objectives of reducing environmental pollution across Australia and the world. Conclusion The success of the ‘Join?You’ initiative is premised on the successful marketing of the campaign. Clean Up Australia has designed an advert and placed it on its website. Individuals visiting the website can see the advert and thus is bound to attract their attention. The advert is a combination of a question mark and the word ‘you’. The aim of the initiative is to raise money towards Clean Up Australia day which is observed across Australia. Individual and business sponsors alike can contribute towards the initiative. A role of honour has been established to recognize individual and business sponsors. Through encouraging individuals to make small contributions, Clean Up Australia can use the initiative as a tool of raising awareness on the importance of environmental conservation. Reference List Alba, J.W., Hutchinson, J. (1987). Dimensions of consumer expertise. Journal of  Consumer Research, 13, 411–454. Barr, S., Gilg, A. et al. (2011). Helping People Make Better Choice: Exploring the  Behaviour change agenda for environmental sustainability. Applied Geography,  31, 712-720. Campbell, M.C., Kirmani, A. (2000). Consumers’ use of persuasion knowledge: The effects of accessibility and cognitive capacity on perceptions of an influence agent.  Journal of Consumer Research,27, 69–83. Clean Up Australia Day. (2012).  Join? You A Major S ponsor Of Clean Up  Australia Day  2012. Web. Clean Up Australia.(2012). The Clean Up story. Web. Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University  Press  IMF.(2009). World Economic Outlook. Web. Meyers-Levy, J., Tybout, A. (1989).Schema congruity as a basis for  product evaluation. Journal of Consumer Research, 16, 39–54. Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behaviour.  Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407-424. Whitmarsh, L. (2009). Behavioural responses to climate change: Asymmetry of  intentions and impacts. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 13-23.